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#MujeresPoderosas
As the world celebrates the 50th anniversary of the historic Moon landing, we remember some of the women whose hard work and ingenuity made it possible. The women featured here represent just a small fraction of the enormous contributions made by women during the Apollo era.
Margaret Hamilton led the team that developed the building blocks of software engineering — a term that she coined herself. Her systems approach to the Apollo software development and insistence on rigorous testing was critical to the success of Apollo. In fact, the Apollo guidance software was so robust that no software bugs were found on any crewed Apollo missions, and it was adapted for use in Skylab, the Space Shuttle and the first digital fly-by-wire systems in aircraft.
In this photo, Hamilton stands next to a stack of Apollo Guidance Computer source code. As she noted, “There was no second chance. We all knew that.”
As a very young girl, Katherine Johnson loved to count things. She counted everything, from the number of steps she took to get to the road to the number of forks and plates she washed when doing the dishes.
As an adult, Johnson became a “human computer” for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, which in 1958, became NASA. Her calculations were crucial to syncing Apollo’s Lunar Lander with the Moon-orbiting Command and Service Module. “I went to work every day for 33 years happy. Never did I get up and say I don’t want to go to work.“
This fabulous flip belongs to biomedical engineer Judy Sullivan, who monitored the vital signs of the Apollo 11 astronauts throughout their spaceflight training via small sensors attached to their bodies. On July 16, 1969, she was the only woman in the suit lab as the team helped Neil Armstrong suit up for launch.
Sullivan appeared on the game show “To Tell the Truth,” in which a celebrity panel had to guess which of the female contestants was a biomedical engineer. Her choice to wear a short, ruffled skirt stumped everyone and won her a $500 prize. In this photo, Sullivan monitors a console during a training exercise for the first lunar landing mission.
Billie Robertson, pictured here in 1972 running a real-time go-no-go simulation for the Apollo 17 mission, originally intended to become a math teacher. Instead, she worked with the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, which later became rolled into NASA. She created the manual for running computer models that were used to simulate launches for the Apollo, Skylab and Apollo Soyuz Test Project programs.
Robertson regularly visited local schools over the course of her career, empowering young women to pursue careers in STEM and aerospace.
In 1958, Mary Jackson became NASA’s first African-American female engineer. Her engineering specialty was the extremely complex field of boundary layer effects on aerospace vehicles at supersonic speeds.
In the 1970s, Jackson helped the students at Hampton’s King Street Community center build their own wind tunnel and use it to conduct experiments. “We have to do something like this to get them interested in science,” she said for the local newspaper. “Sometimes they are not aware of the number of black scientists, and don’t even know of the career opportunities until it is too late.”
After watching the launch of Sputnik in October 1957, Ethel Heinecke Bauer changed her major to mathematics. Over her 32 years at NASA, she worked at two different centers in mathematics, aerospace engineering, development and more.
Bauer planned the lunar trajectories for the Apollo program including the ‘free return’ trajectory which allowed for a safe return in the event of a systems failure — a trajectory used on Apollo 13, as well as the first three Apollo flights to the Moon. In the above photo, Bauer works on trajectories with the help of an orbital model.
Follow Women@NASA for more stories like this one, and make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com.
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With the help of the NASA History Office, we’ve identified some of the most frequently asked questions surrounding the first time humans walked on the surface of another world. Read on and click here to check out our previous Apollo FAQs.
The six crews that landed on the Moon brought back 842 pounds (382 kilograms) of rocks, sand and dust from the lunar surface. Each time, they were transferred to Johnson Space Center’s Lunar Receiving Laboratory, a building that also housed the astronauts during their three weeks of quarantine. Today the building now houses other science divisions, but the lunar samples are preserved in the Lunar Sample Receiving Laboratory.
Built in 1979, the laboratory is the chief repository of the Apollo samples.
From these pieces of the Moon we learned that its chemical makeup is similar to that of Earth’s, with some differences. Studying the samples has yielded clues to the origins of the solar system. In March of 2019, we announced that three cases of pristine Moon samples will be unsealed for the first time in 50 years so that we can take advantage of the improved technology that exists today!
Did you know you might not have to travel far to see a piece of the Moon up close? Visit our Find a Moon Rock page to find out where you can visit a piece of the Moon.
Astronaut food has come a long way since the days of Project Mercury, our first human spaceflight program that ran from 1958-1963. Back then, astronauts “enjoyed” food in cube form or squeezed out of tubes. Early astronaut food menus were designed less for flavor and more for nutritional value, but that eventually shifted as technology evolved. Astronauts today can enjoy whole foods like apples, pizza and even tacos.
Apollo crews were the first to have hot water, making it easier to rehydrate their foods and improve its taste. They were also the first to use a “spoon bowl,” a plastic container that was somewhat like eating out of a Ziploc bag with a spoon. Here’s an example of a day’s menu for a voyage to the Moon:
Breakfast: bacon squares, strawberry cubes and an orange drink.
Lunch: beef and potatoes, applesauce and a brownie.
Dinner: salmon salad, chicken and rice, sugar cookie cubes and a pineapple grapefruit drink.
As Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin worked on the lunar surface, Command Module pilot Michael Collins orbited the Moon, alone, for the next 21.5 hours. On board he ran systems checks, made surface observations and communicated with Mission Control when there wasn’t a communications blackout. Blackouts happened every time Collins went behind the Moon. In 2009, Collins wrote this in response to a flurry of media questions about the 40th anniversary of the mission:
Q. Circling the lonely Moon by yourself, the loneliest person in the universe, weren’t you lonely? A. No. Far from feeling lonely or abandoned, I feel very much a part of what is taking place on the lunar surface. I know that I would be a liar or a fool if I said that I have the best of the three Apollo 11 seats, but I can say with truth and equanimity that I am perfectly satisfied with the one I have. This venture has been structured for three men, and I consider my third to be as necessary as either of the other two.”
Artemis missions to the Moon will mark humanity’s first permanent presence on another world. The first woman and the next man to explore the lunar surface will land where nobody has ever attempted to land before – on the Moon’s south pole where there are billions of tons of water ice that can be used for oxygen and fuel. We don’t know yet what astronauts will bring back from this unexplored territory, but we do know that they will return with hope and inspiration for the next generation of explorers: the Artemis generation. Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com.
Nuevo Video Sres.!!!🔥📽🔥
Para calentarnos…💋 A los fanaticos antes de irse a la camita.🔥🌡
Tambien fotos de mi colita abierta🍑
Nos encendemos juntos??😉💋🔥🌡
Tengan un hermoso día!
Buenas noches!
Así estamos hoy!
Reblogueishon mish amoreshhh.. ya lo saben 😍
💕WhatsApp al 11-3620-4839💕 solo info por ahi.
Mía Lovely
Nuevo Video Sres.!!!🔥📽🔥
Para calentarnos…💋 A los fanaticos antes de irse a la camita.🔥🌡
Tambien fotos de mi colita abierta🍑
Nos encendemos juntos??😉💋🔥🌡
Quiero "escrachar" a este usuario que se hace pasar por gaby govi. Jamas lo conoci y desde el año pasado anda regateando. Y haciendome mala fama.
No suelo hacer esto bajo ningun concepto porque me manejo con absoluta discreción. Incluso es raro y peligroso hacerse pasar por una persona que no es.
Tengan cuidado.
El que quiera saber como me manejo o como soy. Que lo hable directamentr conmigo antes de guiarse por esos foros truchisimos!!!! O por alguien que jamas vi o que no era de "su tipo".
Las elecciones y gustos son personales y son sumamente RESPETABLES. TRATEMOS CON RESPETO. Siempre lo hice y lo seguire haciendo.
🌷Daiana🌷
Avisos importantes y nuevos videos💣💥
Nuevos dos videos 📽🔥
Pedime link mercado pago 💯💲🔥
Les dejo un gif de regalo a los que reblogueen 🎁🎁🎁
Hoy es el cumpleaños de esta excelente cantante, ¿recuerdan la película en la que sonaba esta canción?
Revela mi edad?, y bue.....
Belleza
Mañana FERIADO.!!!! Nos calentamos un rato???🔥🔥
🌷Daiana🌷
Al fin salió el sol gentee
Ya nos estábamos olvidando de la vitamina E ?
En fin, hoy pre feriado a partir de las veintitrés 🤗🤗
Mañana, desde la mañana y hasta las seis
Reblog para que me saque una hojita?
Reblog
Rwblog
Reflexiva nivel…
Acá pensando si habrá algo mejor que terminar tu día pasándolo bien
Y terminar el domingo aliviando el estrés?
Vos sabés
Sale reblog para la foto sin tanga o qué?
Hermoso tema
SE VAN LOS TRES VIDEOS.!!!! 📽🔥(Se viene el nuevo chiquisss)😉
Pedimelos por privado 🤗💋
🌷-Daiana-🌷
Amoreshhh Más Mía para ustedes!! Probame! (?
Me reblogueas?? Quiero spamear todo Tumblr (? Jaja
Aclarado todo los veo prontito!! 💋
💕Consultar por atención a parejas 💕
Mía Lovely
SE VAN LOS TRES VIDEOS.!!!! 📽🔥(Se viene el nuevo chiquisss)😉
Pedimelos por privado 🤗💋
🌷-Daiana-🌷
Arrancamos JUNIO.!!!🔥💋
🌷Daiana🌷
Esta persona grosera que pasa fotos inapropiadas https://www.instagram.com/p/ByGZtocFpra/?igshid=1d6cawv3f3dmr
#Boludos por demás
Es necesario? https://www.instagram.com/p/ByGZwasFFOX/?igshid=1f50j0wpsi44w
🔥INFO DETALLADA.!!!!🔥
Se viene NUEVO VIDEO.!!!! 📽🔥