Glitches25 - Untitled

Ratatouille (2007) // Challengers (2024)

Deinosuchus: Giant Alligator or something older?

I know the title sucks, I couldn't think of anything poetic or clever ok? Anyways, still catching up on croc papers to summarize and this one did make a few waves when it was published about a week ago.

"Expanded phylogeny elucidates Deinosuchus relationships, crocodylian osmoregulation and body-size evolution" is a new paper by Walter, Massonne, Paiva, Martin, Delfino and Rabi, with quite a few of these authors having considerable experience with crocodile research. The thesis of the study is both simple and unusual. They suggest that several crocodilians traditionally held as stem-alligators, namely Deinosuchus, Leidyosuchus and Diplocynodon, weren't alligatoroids at all. In fact, if the study holds up they might not have been true crocodilians.

Ok, lets take a step back and briefly look at our main three subjects. Deinosuchus of course needs no introduction, a titan of the Cretaceous also known as the terror crocodile in some more casual sources, its easily one of the most iconic fossil crocodiles. It lived on either side of the Western Interior Seaway during the Campanian, fed on giant turtles and dinosaurs and with size estimates of up to 12 meters its easily among the largest crocodylomorphs who have ever lived.

Artwork by Brian Engh

Leidyosuchus also lived during the Campanian in North America and I would argue is iconic in its own right, albeit in a different way. It's historic to say the least and once housed a whole plethora of species, but has recently fallen on hard times in the sense that most of said species have since then been transferred to the genus Borealosuchus.

Artwork by Joschua Knüppe

Finally there's Diplocynodon, the quintessential croc of Cenozoic Europe. With around a dozen species found from the Paleocene to the Miocene all across Europe, it might be one of the most well studied fossil crocs there is, even if its less well known by the public due to its relatively unimpressive size range.

Artwork by Paleocreations

All three of these have traditionally been regarded as early members of the Alligatoroidea, one of the three main branches that form Crocodilia. In these older studies, Alligatoroidea can be broken up into three groups nested within one another. Obviously the crown is formed by the two living subfamilies, Alligatorinae and Caimaninae, both of which fall into the family Alligatoridae. If you take a step further out you get to the clade Globidonta, which in addition to proper Alligatorids also includes some basal forms with blunt cheek teeth as well as Orientalosuchina, tho jury's still out on whether or not they are truly alligator-relatives. And if you take a final step back and view Alligatoroidea as a whole, then you got our three main subjects neatly lined up outside of Globidonta in varying positions.

Below a highly simplified depiction of previous phylogenies. Deinosuchus, Leidyosuchus and Diplocynodon are often regarded as non-globidontan alligatoroids.

This new study however changes that long standing concensus. The team argues that several features we once thought defined alligatoroids are actually way more common across Crocodilia and even outside of it while also leverging some of the features of Deinosuchus and co. that have always been out of the ordinary. For instance, early alligatoroids are generally characterized as being comparably small, having had short, rounded heads, the afforementioned globular cheek teeth and of course the feature that still allows us to differentiate them from true crocodiles, the fact that they have a clear overbite. Now Leidyosuchus, Deinosuchus and Diplocynodon all have proportionally longer snouts than alligatoroids, their teeth interfinger like in crocodiles and most prominently (and namegiving for Diplocynodon) there is a large notch behind the snout tip that serves to receive two enlarged teeth of the lower jaw. These are of course just superficial examples, but if you wanna get into the nitty gritty check out the paper.

Below a simplified version of the papers phylogeny. Borealosuchus clades with Diplocynodon and Leidyosuchus and Deinosuchus are successive taxa. Planocraniidae are the sister to Crocodilia, which consists of Crocodyloids, Gavialoids (together Longirostres) and Alligatoroids.

Something also worth addressing in light of these results is salt tolerance in crocodilians and paleogeography. Basically, if you ignore Deinosuchus and co. (or well, just follow this new paper), then it is most likely that alligatoroids originated on the continent of Laramidia, i.e. the western half of America back when it was bisected by an enormous inland sea. Today, alligatoroids are famously intolerant of saltwater, yes, there are instances where alligators have been known to enter coastal waters, but its a far cry from what true crocodiles can achieve (just an example here's my recent post on Caribbean crocodiles). Given that alligatoroids don't appear on Appalachia, the other half of North America, until after the inland sea closes, this very much suggest that this intolerance goes way back. This has however always been at odds with Deinosuchus, which famously showed up along both the eastern and the western coast of the inland sea and at least lived close enough to the coast to leave its mark on the shells of sea turtles. We know it inhabited various near-shore environments and even stable isotope analysis of its teeth points towards it consuming either saltwater or prey that lives in the ocean. To a lesser degree its worth mentioning Diplocynodon, which though usually a freshwater animal has at least one species from coastal deposits. Now I do think its worth highlighting that just being salt tolerant doesn't necessarily mean they can't have been alligatoroids, given that salt glands could have easily been lost after Deinosuchus split off from other alligatoroids. Nevertheless, a position as a stem-crocodilian does add up with it being salt tolerant, with the assumption being that being tolerant to saltwater is basal to crocodilians as a whole and was simply lost in a select few lineages such as alligatoroids.

Given that its range spanned both coastlines of the Western Interior Seaway as well as direct evidence for interactions with marine life, Deinosuchus likely ventured out into the sea from time to time like some modern crocodiles.

There's also the matter of timing. When alligatoroids first appeared 82 million years ago, we already see the classic blunt-snouted morphotype with Brachychampsa and our dear giant Deinosuchus. Now if both were alligatoroids, this would suggest that they've been separate quite some time before that to bring forth these drastically different forms, yet attempts to estimate the divergence date suggest that they split no earlier than 90 million years ago. So if Deinosuchus is not an alligatoroid, then the timeline adds up a bit better. However I think the best example of this new topology really explaining an evolutionary mystery doesn't come from Deinosuchus, but from Diplocynodon. Those that know me might remember that I started working on researching Diplocynodon for Wikipedia, a process that's been slow and painfull both due to the 200 years of research history and the good dozen or so species placed in this genus. Tangent aside, one big mystery around Diplocynodon is its origin. They first appear in the Paleocene and survive till the Miocene, tend to stick to freshwater and oh yeah, species of this genus are endemic to Europe. Given that previous studies recovered them as alligatoroids, nobody was quite sure where Diplocynodon came from. Did they originate in North America and cross the Atlantic? Where they salt tolerant before and simply stuck to freshwater once in Europe? Or are they a much older alligatoroid lineage that entered Europe via Asia after having crossed Beringia. You know, the kind of headbreaking stuff we get when the fossil record is incomplete. But this new study recovers Diplocynodon as being closely related to the non-crocodilian Borealosuchus from the Cretaceous to Paleogene of North America. And that makes some sense, historically the two have been noted to be similar, hell there were even cases when Borealosuchus remains were thought to be North American examples of Diplocynodon. And Borealosuchus has the same double caniniforms as the other crocs we discussed so far. So when our three former alligatoroids got pushed outside of Crocodilia, Diplocynodon ended up forming a clade with Borealosuchus. And since Borealosuchus was wide spread in America by the late Cretaceous, and possibly salt tolerant, then it could have easily spread across Greenland and Scandinavia after the impact, giving rise to Diplocynodon.

The results of this study seem to suggest that Borealosuchus and Diplocynodon are more closely related that previously thought.

And since this is a Deinosuchus paper...of course theres discussion about its size. A point raised by the authors is that previous estimates typically employ the length of the skull or lower jaw to estimate body length, which might not be ideal and is something I definitely agree with. The problem is that skull length can vary DRASTICALLY. Some animals like early alligatoroids have very short skulls, but then you have animals in gharials in which the snout is highly elongated in connection to their ecology. Given that Deinosuchus has a relatively long snout compared to early alligatoroids, size estimates based on this might very well overestimate its length, while the team argues that head width would yield a more reasonable results. Previous size estimates have ranged from as low as 8 meters to as large as 12, which generally made it the largest croc to have ever existed. Now in addition to using head width, the team furthermote made use of whats known as the phylgenetic approach, which essentially bypasses the problem of a single modern analogue with peculariar proportions influencing the result. Now there is a bunch more that went into the conclusion, but ultimately the authors conclude that in their opinion, the most likely length for the studied Deinosuchus riograndensis specimen was a mere 7.66 meters in total length. And before you jump to any conclusions, DEINOSUCHUS WOULD HAVE GOTTEN BIGGER TRUST ME. I know having read "12 meter upper estimate" earlier is quite a contrast with the resulting 7.66 meters, but keep in mind this latter estimate is just one specimen. A specimen that in previous studies was estimated to have grown to a length of somewhere between 8.4 - 9.8 meters. Now yes, this is still a downsize overall, but also given that this specimen is far from the largest Deinosuchus we have, this means that other individuals would have certainly grown larger. Maybe not those mythical 12 meters, but still very large. So please keep that in mind.

Two different interpretations of the same specimen of Deinosuchus. Top a proportionally larger-headed reconstruction by randomdinos, bottom a smaller-headed reconstruction by Fadeno. I do not care to weigh in on the debate other than to say that size tends to fluctuate a lot between studies and that I'm sure this won't be the last up or downsize we see.

Regardless of the details, this would put Deinosuchus in the "giant" size category of 7+ meters, while early alligatoroids generally fall into the small (<1.5 meters) or medium (1.5-4 meters) size categories. The authors make an interesting observation relating to gigantism in crocs at this point in the paper. Prevously, temperature and lifestyle were considered important factors in crocs obtaining such large sizes, but the team adds to that the overall nature of the available ecosystem. In the case of Deinosuchus, it inhabited enormous coastal wetlands under favorable temperature conditions and with abundant large sized prey, a perfect combination for an animal to grow to an enormous size. And this appears to be a repeated pattern that is so common its pretty much regarded as a constant. To quote the authors, "a world with enormous crocodyliforms may have been rather the norm than the exception in the last ~ 130 million years." For other examples look no further than the Miocene of South America, the extensive wetlands of Cretaceous North Africa or even Pleistocene Kenya.

One striking example for repeated gigantism in crocodilians can be found in Miocene South America, when the caimans Purussaurus and Mourasuchus both independently reached large sizes alongside the gharial Gryposcuhus. The illustration below by Joschua Knüppe features some of the smaller earlier members of these species in the Pebas Megawetlands.

So that's it then, case closed. Deinosuchus and co aren't salt-tolerant alligators, they are stem-crocodilians. Deinosuchus was smaller than previously thought and Diplocynodon diverged from Borealosuchus. Leidyosuchus is also there. It all adds up, right? Well not quite. This all is a massive upheaval from what has previously been accepted and while there were outliers before, the alligatoroid affinities of these animals were the concensus for a long time. Future studies will need to repeat the process, analyse the data and the anatomical features and replicate the results before we can be sure that this isn't just a surprisingly logical outlier. Already I heard some doubts from croc researchers, so time will tell if Deinosuchus truly was some ancient crocodilian-cousin or if previous researchers were correct in considering it a stem-alligator. I for one will keep my eyes peeled.

South of Midnight (2025) dev. Compulsion Games

Guy Chapman? More like Guy Freakman am i right-

The silly message on discord is by @strstarlight

Shows That Deserve a Second Chance!

Hi! How y'all doing? Okay, time to get to the nitty gritty this is just my opinion on shows that deserve a second chance!

As we all know by now it doesn't matter if a show is popular or big the fandom is a show will get cancelled for no (and incredibly stupid) reason or never got to make it on the TV screen at all!

Due to Tumblr's limitation on pictures, I'll just do a select few series based on: never aired, messed up by the network but still had an ending, & messed up by the network.

Also, no show is in any particular order I just put them in randomly and if there are more shows that have been unjustly cancel/ never aired please be free to add some to the post.

This is purely for fun and if there is a show you like that got cancelled you may add it to the list.

Let's Begin:

First, are the shows that never aired but had amazing pilots.

1.The Modifiers

The Modifiers was created by Lynne Naylor & Chris Reccardi who pitched the idea to Nickelodeon.

The series is set in 1960's mod style/ steampunk/ magical girl/retrofuturism world focused on Agent Xero and her sidekick Mole who work for a secret agency known as The Modifiers in their quest to stop the evil Baron Vain and his rat sidekick named Rat (no, really, he's a rat named Rat). In the series Agent Xero disguises herself as Lacey Shadows to go undercover and foil Baron Vain plans, the twist of Rat knows that Agent Xero and Lacey Shadows are one in the same and tries to expose them.

Seeing how the modifiers had the same reteo style as My Life As A Teenage Robot, The Mighty B, and Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi (owned by Cartoon Network), it would've made a great addition to the line up plus another girl boss series!

Despite the positive feedback and petitions the show has not been picked up and Chris Reccardi tragically passed away 2019 due to a heart attack, leaving ownership to Lynne Naylor.

PILOT, INFO

2.Carmen Got Expelled

Carmen Got Expelled was created by Jorge R. Gutierrez and was pitched to Disney Television Animation.

The series follows a young girl named Carmen who was expelled from her last school from defending her classmates from a group of bullies. While it looks like Carmen will face punishment (for actually doing the right thing and being a good person), good - karma steps in the form of The Baron who enrolls Carmen in his private academy. Sadly, Headmistress Gnarly and her niece Yvonne try to do everything in their power to get Carmen in trouble and get her expelled for good. Luckily, Carmen has her friends Bing, Ozzy, and Johnny (*coughCRUSHcough*) to get her out of trouble!

The reason the show wasn't picked was because the network didn't think it would do well with audience and wanted Carmen's race to be changed and be a girl who loves rules. WOW, REALLY?!? I think if Jorge pitched the idea to Nickelodeon, it might have worked since his show El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera was already on that channel and would've made a good crossover.

After being rejected, Jorge worked on The Book of Life film that also was rejected for a while only to become a- SUCCESS!

PILOT, INFO

3. The Kitty Bobo Show

The Kitty Bobo Show was created by Kevin Kaliher & Meaghan Dunn and was pitched to Cartoon Network during their 2001 Big Pick competition where the viewers picked who would win. The winner became the classic show Codename: Kids Next Door!

The series focused on Kitty Bobo an anthropomorphic cat living in a big city along with other anthropomorphic animals and had it continued would've explored more of Kitty Bobo, his adoptive parents who are dogs, and his friends. In the pilot 'Cellphones' the plot was of Kitty Bobo trying to look cool and impress everyone with his new (now dated) cellphone.

The show is now a cult classic and had many petitions to become an actual show. Apparently, the creators want to continue the pilot from this Instagram post. If it does happen, I think it would work best teens/young adults on Adult Swim.

PILOT, INFO, 1

4.Princess Academy

Princess Academy was created by Olivier Ciappa and David Kawena and was pitched to Disney. It was supposed to be an animated short that was also a musical not just featuring the famous Disney Princesses, but also many other female leads at a boarding school. Sadly, the project was canceled due to Disney getting rid of its 2-D animation department (another bad decision).

This is just an educated guess, but from the concept art a little girl got accept into the Princess Academy and got to interact with her favorite characters and at the end of the short more students would arrive and meet their favorite leading ladies.

Seeing how big the Disney Princess fandom is, I'm surprised this was passed up. I mean HELLO! You got all the Disney Princesses and the other female leads in one place, I think this would've been a success!

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5. Oswald the Lucky Rabbit the Series

Oswald the Lucky Rabbit the Series was planned to premier on Disney+ and had many announcements and people excited for the return of Oswald, only to be disappointed (AGAIN!) when news hit they weren't doing the show.

After, all poor Oswald has gone through: Walt losing custody over him in divorce court, abandoned, and forgotten; give the poor guy a break and let him have his show!

Despite all that Oswald has made cameos in Mickey Mouse shorts, The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse, Once Upon A Studio, and his own short. There's still hope he'll join his brother again soon.

PILOT, INFO

6. Epic Mickey 3

After, the return of Oswald and success of Epic Mickey, there were plans for an Epic Mickey 3, but sadly never came.

This would've helped Oswald's popularity and maybe make Epic Mickey into a TV/movie series featuring the two brothers, but at this time that's wishful thinking.

INFO

7. Milky Way and the Galaxy Girls

Created by Lauren Faust pitched to Hasbro.

The series would focus on eleven girls who are the personifications of planets. The pilot was about Milky Way accidently releasing the evil Black Hole and would meet the other girls to help fight. Sadly, it was passed over in favor of the popular My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic.

Lauren had ragdolls and a (now out of print) book released in hopes of making it a series, she even has some concept art on her Deviantart page.

Over time Lauren redesigned the girls so hopes and wishes that it becomes a series!

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8. Toil and Trouble

Created by Lauren Faust pitched to Netflix.

Lauren tried to pitch the series Toil and Trouble freaturing an orphan witch named Toil and her cat Trouble as they try to learn magic and save the witch world.

When, production for the project began Netflix decided to stop the show before it began.

SERIOUSLY, HOW DARE WHOEVER DECIDED TO CAN THIS SHOW DENY THE QUEEN HER RIGHT TO CREATE!

This so would've made a hit especially since Laurn worked on: The Powerpuff Girls, MLP:FIM, Kid Cosmic, Wander Over Yonder, and etc! But, not to worry y'all Lauren still has the rights and will most likely have it produced by someone else (hopefully)!

INFO, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

9. Me and My Shadow

Me And My Shadow created by Maya Forbes & Wallace Wolodarsky and pitched to Dreamworks.

Me And My Shadow follows Daniel (human) and Dan (shadow) as they two work together to stop an evil shadow from staring an uprising against shadows and humans. Along the way Dan help Daniel gain some confidence and form a friendship.

THIS FILM HAD SO MUCH POTENTIAL!

It merged 2D & 3D animation, had an amazing story, a good cast of characters; what more could you want?

Sadly, it was passed over by other films and despite protest and a petition Dreamworks refused to budge.

Not only would this film bring back Dreamworks animation department and could've been a rise for 2D animation to come back!

INFO, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

10. Bye Bye Bunny: A Looney Tunes Musical

Bye Bye Bunny would be about Bugs Bunny tired of being in the spotlight and wanting the life of a regular bunny. This becomes Daffy's big break to step out of Bug's shadow and become a star only to be kidnapped by an obsessive fan of his (talk about irony). Bugs and the others go on an epic quest to save Daffy with hijanks, adventure, and heartfelt moments.

Sadly, the project was canceled which is a huge crime. The story was the perfect star wants to leave the spotlight, we could've seen more of Bugs and Daffy's friendship, and the song 'Why Do I Gotta Be Bugs Bunny' was just so heart wrenching beautiful. This would've been great to release during Warner Bros. 100 Anniversary and give the Looney Tunes franchise some more attention.

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2. Shows messed up by the network but still had an ending

The Owl House

The Owl House created by Dana and aired on Disney.

The Owl House followed the story of Luz a teenage girl who has a love all things weird and magically gets sent to a 'normal' camp after one of her antics get her in trouble. But as fate intervened Luz stumbles upon the Boiling Isles and meets Eda the Owl Lady, King the king of demons, and Hooty the Owl House. To fulfill her dreams of becoming a witch Luz becomes Eda apprentice and explores the mysterious of the Boiling Isles.

The Owl House was a huge hit with fans and the LGBTQ community, and it bites that it was cancelled/shortened during season three. Dana had more ideas for season 3 for example: a beach episode, info on Hooty (don't lie we all want to know what Hooty is), and etc.

The reason the Owl House was canceled was because Disney exs didn't think it fit into their brand... What fit? They threw away a precious gemstone in the trash when they made that decision.

Dana Terrace, whatever your next project is I know it will be a success.

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2. Ducktales (2017)

Ducktales (2017) created by Matt Youngberg & Francisco Angones and aired on Disney.

Ducktales follows Huey, Dewey, Louie, their friend Webby, uncle Donald, and great uncle Scrooge, as they go on epic adventures, find rare items & hidden worlds, and a long-lost family secret.

Ducktales had a great start and a huge fanbase, but sadly it wasn't getting the ratings Disney wanted, switching channels, and bad marketing.

I really wish this show continued and had each character have their own season, but it did have a good ending.

INFO

3. Danny Phantom

Danny Phantom created by Butch Hartman and aired on Nickelodeon.

Danny Phantom follows the story of Danny Fenton who gained ghosts powers after a freak accident. With his best friends Tucker and Sam, Danny uses his powers to protect everyone against evil ghosts, humans, and the horrors of high school. To make matters worse Danny has to keep his ghost identity a secret from his parents who are ghost hunters!

Despite the show's popularity it didn't reach the same goal as Fairly Oddparents or Spongebob (or so I'm told). Despite that Danny Phantom had an ending, but it was kinda a divide in the fandom.

It was said had the series continued: we'd find out more about the Ghost Zone, more characters, and most importantly: Danielle would've been adoptive by the Fentons!

4. The Amazing World of Gumball

The Amazing World of Gumball created by Ben Bocquelet and aired on Cartoon Network.

The Amazing World of Gumball follows the story of Gumball as he gets into random shenanigans in his town of Elmore along with his best friend/adoptive brother Darwin, and little sister Anais.

The show has been praised for its mixed media animation, humor, and storytelling. The last episode ended in a cliffhanger leaving many fans unsatisfied.

There were plans for a movie that Ben said would resolve the cliffhanger only for it to be shelved (along with other shows/movies) due to the HBO (HB -NO). I tried to find more information, but the only other information I found was that it 'might' still be in production and be bought by a different network. Again, I'm playing by ear.

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5. Wander Over Yonder

Wander Over Yonder was created by Craig McCracken and aired on Disney.

Wander Over Yonder follows the story of a friendly alien nomad named Wander with his best friend and stead Sylvia travel all over the galaxy going from planet to planet. While on their journey they run into Lord Hater who wants to take over the galaxy.

Disney ended WOY after season 2 and there were plans for a season 3 and would've been the final season.

Craig had plans to expand the story that didn't happened (maybe even travel to Earth?); after WOY cancellation Craig went to work on Kid Cosmic for Netflix.

INFO, 1 , 2

6. Samurai Jack

Samurai Jack was created by Genndy Tartakovsky and aired on Cartoon Network.

Samauri Jack follows the story of a Samauri named Jack and his battle with the evil demon Aku. Before Jack can defeat Aku with his sword Aku uses his powers and sends Jack into the future where Aku is the ruler. Jack travels through many lands in his search to find a way to the past, fix the future, and defeat Aku!

The only problem with the final episode was it took - 13 YEARS - to finish! Adult Swim revived the series in 2017 giving the fans a satisfying ending.

Everyone originally thought that season four that ended in 2004 would end in a cliffhanger. I guess that if it did end around the early 2000's the ending would be different since Genndy and the crew would've had other ideas. I'm happy that the series had the ending it had, but let's be honest do we really want to wait so long for a proper ending?

3. Shows messed up by the network

Infinity Train

Infinity Train was created by Owen Dennis and aired on Cartoon Network.

Infinity Train was at first a mini-series that focused on Tulip a young girl who's dealing with the divorce of her parents decides to run away from home to escape her home life. Tulip ends up on the mysterious Infinity Train and meets a robotic creature known as One-One and a strange green glowing number on her hands. Knowing the longer she's on the train the more danger she's in Tulip, One-One, and Atticus the King of Corginia, travel throughout the train to find The Conductor and send Tulip on. Afterwards we see different passengers travel the train going through different types of traumas and learning to heal.

Despite Owen having a total of eight books ( book five being Ameila's backstory), a passenger being traumatized by the train only to return on it, and even a Christmas special, Infinity Train went to HBO Max streaming service, was canceled after book 4 because execs decided it wasn't fit for kids and became one of many victims of the 2022 HBO Purge.

After much protest from the TV/FILM community Infinity Train books 1 & 2 can now be purchased on DVD (not giving up on the other books) and downloaded from online stores.

Once again, a great show canceled and destroyed by corporate greed!

INFO, 1, 2,

2.Ever After High

Ever After High was created by Mattel books by Shannon Hale & Suzanne Selfors.

Ever After High focus on the teenage sons & daughters (and non-binary) of legendary fairy tales. The children are sent to Ever After High School to learn how to follow the same steps as their parents. But Raven Queen the daughter of the Evil Queen, isn't evil and doesn't want to follow in her mother's footsteps. On the other hand, Apple White the daughter of Snow White wants to follow in her mother's footsteps and be the perfect queen. This divides the school into two separate parties: the Royals (those who want to follow their predetermined destinies) and the Rebels (those who want to rewrite their stories) and causes a shift in the fairy tale world.

Being a toy line Ever After High relied on their doll sells to fuel the books and web series. After Disney's Descendants release Mattel knew they couldn't compete, ending the Royal/Rebel debate too early, and cheaper doll lines the series was canceled.

There were plans for more dolls, books, and sadly characters that have been seen since the beginning never got dolls.

In my honest opinion they shouldn't have ended the Royal/Rebel debate in Way Too Wonderland, that's more of a final season kinda thing and it's hard to come up with more stories after jumping the shark like that.

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3.Star Darlings

Star Darlings was created by Shana Muldoon Zappa and Ahmet Zappa.

Star Darlings was a book and miniseries focused on twelve Starling girls (humanoid creatures who live on Starland) who attend the prodigies Starling Academy to learn to grant wishlings (humans) wishes only to find out they are the legendary Star Darlings destined to save their world and Wish World (Earth) from negative energy!

Honestly Star Darlings was a victim of bad advertising and Disney no giving it enough attention. The books had so much information on the characters, lore, and etc. while the cartoon only had shorts and was on random times. The cartoon had an ending, but the books were left on a cliffhanger.

INFO

4. Super Best Friends Forever/ DC Super Hero Girls (2019)

Created by Lauren Frost and aired on Cartoon Network.

I'm listing this as a two-parter.

Super Best Friends Forever was a series of shorts featuring Batgirl, Wonder Girl, and Supergirl, three superhero teens fighting crime and getting into hilarious hi-jinks.

Lauren was denied turning SBFF into a series due to marketing.

In 2019 Lauren would later do the second installment of DC Super Hero Girls another group of superhero girls who battle the evils of high school and Metropolis.

Many fans argued which version is superior.

To be honest I wish Donna wasn't replaced with Diana, Diana and Zatanna weren't de-aged along with a bunch of other adult characters, the adult heroes were mentors to the girls, could've added more teen heroes that still haven't made their TV debut, not make the guys jerks/useless, and the setting wasn't just in Metropolis. But that's just my two cents.

INFO, 1, 2, 3, 4

5. RWBY & Camp Camp

RWBY created by Monty Oum & Camp Camp created by Miles Luna and Jordan Cwierz both aired on Rooster Teeth.

RWBY story is about the four members of Team RWBY (Ruby, Weiss, Blake, and Yang) who attend Beacon Academy to become huntsmen and huntswomen to protect the world from evil creatures known as Grimm, but as the series progresses, we learn more about the characters, lore, and world of Remnant.

Camp Camp focuses on campers (Max, Nikki, and Neil) & camp counselors (David and Gwen) who attend a shady & dysfunctional run-down camp known as, Camp Campbell. Instead of a traditional camp like space camp, sports camp, or adventure camp, Camp Campbell combines them all to save cost and avoid being sued.

While I was at school my art teacher told the class that a famous artist had died from an allergic reaction, but she neglected to tell who the artist was. Later on, I found out about RWBY and Camp Camp and while digging into the shows' history/ creators I realized Monty Oum was the artist my teacher was talking about.

Due to Rooster Teeth shutting down both series futures are in the air. I was lucky enough to meet Michael and Lindsey Jones the voice actors from RWBY and Camp Camp & a cool Oscar cosplayer LINK. I overheard him asking them when the next season for each show would come out, both replied that "I can't promise anything.", and that scared me a little. I really hope new seasons come out soon since I would hate for both series to go.

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6. Invader Zim

Invader Zim created by Jhonen Vasquez and aired on Nickelodeon.

Invader Zim focused on an Invader named Zim of the Irken Empire who wants to impress his leaders, The Tallest, after failing Operation Impending DOOM 1 after he destroyed his own planet. The Tallest give him a snipe hunt by sending him to the planet Earth. On Earth Zim disguises as a normal *HA* human boy and his SIR unit named Gir as an adorable green dog as they collect info on the planet to conquer it. Unfortunately, Zim forms a rivalry with a junior paranormal investigator named Dib who tries to prove to everyone that Zim is an evil alien.

The show was very popular at the time even having merchandise still being produced to this day. The reason for the shows cancellation was due to low rating and high costs even though there were many unaired episodes.

In 2015 Invader Zim continued as a comic book series and in 2019 Netflix aired Invader Zim: Enter the Florpus. Invader Zim doesn't really have a true ending, so I guess either the comic book ending or Enter the Florpus could count as an ending, maybe?

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7. Dead End: Paranormal Park

Dead End: Paranormal Park was created by Hamish Steele and aired on Netflix.

Dead End first appeared in a Cartoon Hangover short in 2014 and later became the book series in 2018.

Book and TV show follow the story of Barney, Norma, Pugsley, and Courtney who work at Phoenix Parks a haunted theme park where they battle demons, find out the mystery behind the park owner Paulina Phoenix, and maybe stop the apocalypse!

Dead End: Paranormal Park was not renewed by Netflix due to budget cuts (really, I mean really?) and Hamish planned to have the third season air on a different streaming network. While the cartoon ended with a cliffhanger the book series had an ending.

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8. Detentionaire

Detentionaire was created by Daniel Bryan Franklin & Charles Johnston and aired on Teleton.

Detentionaire follows the story of Lee Ping who has pulled off the most epic prank in A. Nigma High history, but there's just one tiny problem - Lee didn't do it! Framed for a prank he didn't commit Lee has to spend a year in detention (and grounded), determined to find out who pranked him and why Lee teams up with Biffy another detentionaire and his friends to get down to what's going on and darker secrets at A. Nigma High.

Due to low ratings and not too much viewership the show ended on a cliffhanger.

I came across Detentionaire while watching Ruby Gloom on YouTube (I live in the US so there were no channels featuring the shows) lucky for me it was in the middle of season one when it was still on air and I got to watch the series (when uploaded to Youtube).

LINK

9. Sym- Bionic Titan/ Unicorn: Warriors Eternal

Sym- Bionic Titan/ Unicorn: Warriors Eternal created by Genndy Tartakovsky and aired on Cartoon Network.

I'm listing this as a two-parter too.

Sym-Bionic Titan focuses on Princess Ilana, Soldier Lance, and Advance Robot Octus who had to flee their home planet Galaluna when the evil General Modula. General Modula sends out monsters to kill Princess Ilana and destroy the royal Galaluna bloodline once and for all! When, the three combine they form Sym-Bionic Titan to battle the monsters. The three blend into Earth culture by pretending to be a family, owning a home, and going to high school to draw suspicion off them. On top of that two government parties are investigating them and their relationship to the Titan. As the three protect their new home they are trying to find a way to return to Galaluna.

I'll be honest I'm not a huge sci-fi fan, but I did enjoy the series during its run. The story and art style were amazing as well.

The reason Sym-Bionic Titan was cancelled was because it was unable to secure a toy license. Oh please, there's a bunch of shows without a toy line and they ran/ or still running. The series ended with a 'ray of hope ending' after production Genndy left Cartoon Network and began working on other projects.

Only to return in the form of Unicorn: Warriors Eternal which focus on four individuals who are the reincarnations of past warriors sent to fight an ancient evil from plaguing the world.

The series had a good old timey animation art style with the steampunk aesthetic. Sadly, it like its sibling series ended on a cliffhanger.

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10. Justice League Action

Justice League Action created by Sam Register, Butch Lukic, Alan Burnett, and Jim Krieg.

Justice League Action focused on the Justice League a team of superheroes protect the world from supervillains. Each episode featured a different set of heroes defeating their foe and giving everyone extra screentime.

Justice League Action had a special when it first came out only to get bad timeslots and was never renewed.

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10. Teen Titans

Teen Titans was created by Glen Murakami & David Slack and aired on Cartoon Network.

The series focused on five superhero teens known as the Teen Titans who battle evil villains both in their home of Jump City and the Earth. Their biggest threat being Slade (Deathstroke in the comics) a mysterious man bent on conquering Jump City & destroying the Teen Titans,

Teen Titans was one of Cartoon Network's successful cartoons with high praise from critics and fans it's a mystery why the show was canceled. Once fans found out that Teen Titans was threatened to be canceled there were protests to see it not happened. The reasons for the cancellation ranged from low ratings, decline in toy sales, wanting to work on other shows, and etc. I believe the show was cancelled was because the execs could (JERKS!).

There have been spin-offs of the series such as the 'Titans in Tokyo' film to act as "the ending" of the series, DC nation Teen Titans shorts, and (the infamous) Teen Titans Go series that has had many specials, a movie, and is still on air.

The things I wish that could happen in the show are: Wonder Girl was a member of the team to even the gender out (I hate that even to this day shows only have 1 or 2 girls on a team), the second season Terra still appeared but it was Wonder Girl's season (to give Terra more screen time and make the betrayal hurt more) than third would be Terra's and every season would go on as normal, Starfire having a season, and the finale season focused on everyone! But that's just my two cents.

There have been rumors of season six (maybe) happening. I mean Samurai Jack and Invader Zim came back after their cancellations. If Teen Titans were to return, it would be on Adult Swim.

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Conclusion:

Okay, and we're done.

To be honest the reason I made this post is because I want to pursue a career in writing, animation, and voice acting.

After the news of HBO's purge and many others, I had a major panic attack because if one greedy person could make the call to erase years and dreams of hard work no matter how popular the shows are or well known the creators are what chance did I have?

I have auditioned for many things only to be in 'always the bridesmaid never the bride' position so it gets heartbreaking after a while. But, with indie works such as The Amazing Digital Circus, Murder Drones, Spooky Month, The Art of Murder, and Puzzle & Sling: Boredom Killers getting recognized and receiving high praise it kinda gives me a spark of hope despite everything.

Thank you for taking the time to read my article. Bye y'all!

Special mentions: The Prodigal Son (FOX), The Summoning (Cartoon Hangover), Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go! (Disney) Welcome to Doozy (Cartoon Hangover), Victor and Valentino (Cartoon Network), The Cuphead Show (Netflix), Class of 3000 (Cartoon Network), Cartoon Saloon version of Winnie the Pooh, and etc (like I said before you can add to the list).

So i’m just watching youtube, trying to chill out and whenever, when I get a Lego Movie 2 Ad for a video I was watching

do you see that timestamp at the bottom? Yeah, this is apparently 5 hours long.

And at first I was wondering, well is it the entire movie? No…this entire ad is for their newest “everything is awesome” type song. It is called “this song is gonna get stuck inside your head” and I am pretty goddamn sure it is going to repeat that one line over and over until my brain melts

So I am going to see if they really are playing it for 5 hours

🛼Urban TOH print series by Kyri45🛼

This series was the craziest in terms of lineart, but it was fun!

unbelievable find just now