植物ㄋㄡˇ優~

WHEN MEN LEARN NOTHING FROM HISTORY

Above: “I do what I’m told, if I am ordered to extract gold fillings from refugees’ teeth, then I will, says Danish policeman Michael Hansen”

The Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures was a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram. They measured the willingness of study participants, mostly young male students from Yale, to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience. The experiments began in July 1961, in the basement of Linsly-Chittenden Hall at Yale University, three months after the start of the trial of German Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. 

The legal and philosophic aspects of obedience are of enormous importance, but they say very little about how most people behave in concrete situations. I set up a simple experiment at Yale University to test how much pain an ordinary citizen would inflict on another person simply because he was ordered to by an experimental scientist. Stark authority was pitted against the subjects’ [participants’] strongest moral imperatives against hurting others, and, with the subjects’ [participants’] ears ringing with the screams of the victims, authority won more often than not. 

The extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the command of an authority constitutes the chief finding of the study and the fact most urgently demanding explanation. Ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process. Moreover, even when the destructive effects of their work become patently clear, and they are asked to carry out actions incompatible with fundamental standards of morality, relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority.

The Nuremberg defence, lawful orders or by the German phrase Befehl ist Befehl (“only following orders”, literally “an order is an order”), is a plea in a court of law that a person, whether a member of the armed forces or a civilian, not be held guilty for actions which were ordered by a superior officer or a public official.

Adolf Eichmann was one of the most prominent Nazis to use this defense at his trial (held in Israel in 1961).

”I cannot recognize the verdict of guilty … It was my misfortune to become entangled in these atrocities. But these misdeeds did not happen according to my wishes. It was not my wish to slay people … Once again I would stress that I am guilty of having been obedient, having subordinated myself to my official duties and the obligations of war service and my oath of allegiance and my oath of office, and in addition, once the war started, there was also martial law … I did not persecute Jews with avidity and passion. That is what the government did … At that time obedience was demanded, just as in the future it will also be demanded of the subordinate”

The prosecution case was presented over the course of 56 days, involving hundreds of documents and 112 witnesses (many of them Holocaust survivors). Hausner’s intention was to not only demonstrate Eichmann’s guilt but to present material about the entire Holocaust, thus producing a comprehensive record. Hausner’s opening address began, “It is not an individual that is in the dock at this historic trial and not the Nazi regime alone, but anti-Semitism throughout history.”

Throughout his cross-examination, prosecutor Hausner attempted to get Eichmann to admit he was personally guilty, but no such confession was forthcoming. Eichmann admitted to not liking the Jews and viewing them as adversaries, but stated that he never thought their annihilation was justified. When Hausner produced evidence that Eichmann had stated in 1945 that “I will leap into my grave laughing because the feeling that I have five million human beings on my conscience is for me a source of extraordinary satisfaction”, Eichmann said he meant “enemies of the Reich” such as the Soviets. During later examination by the judges, he admitted he meant the Jews, and said the remark was an accurate reflection of his opinion at the time.

Political theorist Hannah Arendt, a Jew who fled Germany after Hitler’s rise to power, reported on Eichmann’s trial for The New Yorker. In Eichmann in Jerusalem, Arendt calls Eichmann the embodiment of the “banality of evil”, as he appeared to have an ordinary and normal personality, displaying neither guilt nor hatred. In his 1988 book Justice, Not Vengeance, Wiesenthal said: “The world now understands the concept of ‘desk murderer’. We know that one doesn’t need to be fanatical, sadistic, or mentally ill to murder millions; that it is enough to be a loyal follower eager to do one’s duty.”

Eichmann was found guilty of all 15 counts against him. It was declared that no grave would mark his life, and more importantly, he would have no resting place in Israel. His ashes were scattered in the Mediterranean see (In international waters).

The Nuremberg IV principle, one of many drawn up in the run up to the Nuremberg trials, states:

“The fact that a person acted pursuant to order of his Government or of a superior does not relieve him from responsibility under international law, provided a moral choice was in fact possible to him.”

Zimbardo: There are 7 social processes that grease the so called Slippery slope of evil

1. Mindlessly taking the first small step 2. Dehumanization of others 3. De-individuation of self (anonymity) 4. Diffusion of personal responsibility 5. Blind obedience to authority 6. Uncritical conformity to group norms 7. Passive tolerance of evil through inaction or indifference

Sources: Wikipedia, TED, holocaustresearchproject.org

F*ck the Tory Government Protest // London // 9th May 2015

Lomo Chrome turquoise

Urban Double Exposures By: Louis Dazy

Camera: Nikon F2

Films: Cinestill 800, Kodak Portra 400, Kodak Portra 800, Lomography Color Film 400, Expired Kodak Gold 400

Louis Dazy on shooting film and this series:

“I started shooting photos a little bit more than 2 years ago, I started with film and stuck to it, my first double exposure was done by accident, I enjoyed the outcome so much that I started to shoot more and more double exposures because it’s awesome to have two sides of a story on just one frame. I’m always portraying my closest friends the only reason I shoot photos is that I wanna make memories, I want to have photos to look at when I’m older and just remember things I may have forgot about. I never plan anything when I shoot, probably because I always carry my camera with me so I don’t have to, when I come across something interesting I just shoot it regardless of time, weather, people, etc. I just really focus on the moment and what I feel.”

Find and Follow Louis Dazy:

Instagram

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Hayden Williams || Lomochrome Purple

taylor sapphirestump’s i needed to do something to feel productive masterpost, seven ish hours after finally giving in to the anons asking for a second one !! have fun kids ok, remember to tag this as food and bookmark for rainy days !!

movies (be sure to check their imdb page for smth that may be triggering)

10 things i hate about you // 21 jump street // 40 year old virgin // 300 // adventureland // akeelah and the bee // aladdin // alice in wonderland // american beauty // american pie // avatar // the avengers // back to the future // back to the future part II // back to the future part III // batman begins // batman: the dark knight // beetlejuice  // black swan // blair witch project // the breakfast club // camp rock // cinderella  // a clockwork orange // cloud atlas // clueless // corpse bride // crybaby // dark shadows // dead poets society // django unchained // donnie darko // easy a // edward scissorhands // the emperor’s new groove // eternal sunshine of the spotless mind // fantasia // fight club // forrest gump // freaky friday // girl interrupted // grease // hairspray // the hangover // harry potter masterpost // heathers // the help // high school musical // hocus pocus  // home alone  // horror movie masterpost // how to train your dragon // the hunger games // ice age // inception // indiana jones and the temple of doom // indiana jones and the last crusade // iron man // jackass // jaws // juno // jurassic park // kick ass // leo dicaprio masterpost // les miserables // lilo and stitch // the little mermaid // lolita (tw rape, pedophilia) // madagascar // mean girls // men in black // mulan // monsters inc. // monsters university // monty python and the holy grail // musicals masterpost // napolean dynamite // nick and norah’s infinite playlist // nightmare before christmas // oz the great and powerful // paranormal documentaries masterpost // the parent trap // perks of being a wallflower // peter pan // pitch perfect // the princess and the frog // the princess bride // pulp fiction // rocky horror picture show // romeo and juliet // scott pilgrim vs. the world // school of rock // shrek // sixteen candles // skyfall // snow white // the social network // space jam // studio ghibli masterpost // the suicide room // super 8 // suckerpunch // tangled // titanic // teen movie masterpost // trainspotting // toy story // toy story 2 // toy story 3 // v for vendetta // wall-e // wreck-it ralph // zombie movies masterpost // zombieland

tv

this site has a lot of stuff and this one has like every anime ever

makeup

cruelty-free cosmetics // foundation // 5 best foundations // best powder foundations // how to use liquid foundation // contouring // contour diagram // how to use bronzer // highlights tutorial // how to contour // blush // the right blush for your face shape // how to apply blush better // skin care // how to wash your face // wash your face correctly // facials // diy facial // types of facials // eyeliner // make your own gel liner // how to do winged eyeliner w/ tape // tips and tricks // styles of eyeliner // eyeshadow // the right eyeshadow for your eyes // smoky eye // how to apply eyeshadow // lashes // how to apply fake eyelashes // tips for beautiful lashes // eyebrows // brows for your face shape // guide to perfect eyebrows // lips // a shade for the occaision // lipsticks for blondes // gradient lips // how to make your lipstick look matte // lipsticks for fall // lipstain with kool-aid // infamous crayon lipstick post

clothes

cheap clothing sites // ways to tie a scarf // visual guide to (everything?) // loads of neat clothing websites // clothes for people in wheechairs // plus-sized clothes // more clothing websites // cute shirts with cats on them ? // shoe dictionary // how to wear x thing

food

breakfast // no-bake energy bars // vegan french toast // banana pops // breakfast wrap // fairy porrige // vegan pancakes // spinach and eggs // baked eggs with red sauce and greens // honey butter chicken biscuits // chocolate waffles // pizza omlette // cinnamon sugar french toast sticks // no stove pancake mug // cheesy bagels // whole wheat greek yogurt pancakes // lunch and dinner // pizza bites // some type of tasty looking casserole ? // parsely pesto pasta // stuffed aubergine boats // sausage and mushroom risotto // tortilla soup // deep dish chocolate chip cookie (this can SO be dinner shut up) // crab cakes // blue cheese drop biscuits // coconut chicken soup // cowboy steaks // asian chicken bites // chorizo oil prawn linguine // grilled egplant and roasted red pepper sandwich // ten commandments of PASTA // asparagus white bean pesto pasta // crossaints + words i cant spell // snacks // spice up your hot chocolate // butterbeer recipe // 100 cal snacks // snacks for clean eating // sweet potato fries // peanut butter milkshake // strawberry banana ice cream // cinnamon carrot chips with honey yogurt dip // parmesan roasted broccoli // greek salad skewers // dressed up popcorn // buffalo chicken dip // baked apple chips // fried sweet plantains // coconut milk whipped cream // zuccini + cheese // fruit dip // dessert // ice cream sandwich // magic cocoa recipe // triple chocolate mousse cake // cake batter ice cream // mini chocolate chip muffins // easy baked doughnuts // chocolate pie // almond joy smoothie milkshake // raw strawberry cheesecake // white chocolate mousse cupcake // toasted coconut chocolate chip cookies // cinnamon rolls (gluten free) // mug cakes // mini pumpkin cheesecakes // more cupcakes // red velvet chocolate swirled brownie bars // chocolate and pomegranate cake

mental and physical health

a guide to hair pulling and skin picking // find your prescriptions for the lowest price // discreet and disguised pill boxes // guide to real ocd // party drugs and emts // the sex ed guide you needed in high school // this cute app reminds you to drink water // meditation // contraceptives masterpost // how to do cpr // a masterpost on dealing with mental illness, abuse, etc // how to do yr monthly breast check // what to do (and not to do) when somebody is having a panic attack // african black soap (super cheap, and it’s SO amazing for acne) // a visual guide to migraines // an acne chart // the cold and flu infographic // sleep aid resources // ocd masterpost // yoga for period cramps (tw: cissexism) // how long to nap // this post is really nice for self care wow // what to expect from your first gynecologist appointment // how to make a doctors appointment // how to get free therapy

fitness

lazy girls workout // huge workout masterpost // yoga poses at your desk // FitTube // bikini body workout for at home // ultimate workouts for yr booty // 27 squat variations // tips for a ‘sexy back’ idk // yoga masterpost // how to push ups without, like, breaking your arm // burn calories without the workout (NICE) // seven minute home workout (no equipment) // two minute pre-shower routine // super mega workout masterpost // yoga poses to increase yr flexibility // weekly exercises to do in your room // more workouts to do wow // tighten yr abs // before school yoga

general life tips

how to not kill your plants // how to not kill your succulents // writing jobs // make your damn appointments // how to blacklist triggers //  masterpost of being an adult // bullet journaling // how the stock market works (plus how to invest) // lifehacks masterpost // how to conduct interviews // extension for reading w/ dyslexia, adhd, etc //  a guide to having an apartment // how to thrift // how to buy a car // guide to LIFE // stress relief // super cheap fidget toys //  general bra guide // what tea you should be drinking // how to fix broken makeup // helpful website masterpost // buy your own damn groceries // tips for first time fliers // visual guide to food stuff // ways to take a break // how to google x thing // how to remove sharpie from y thing // when to buy things cheaper // nowyouno masterpost // how to store yr groceries // resume cheet sheet // how to re-record your voicemail // how to do taxes (plus what taxes are) // how to vote // write a check and balance a check book // tips for banking (ah) // cheap books

art

(all of these are masterposts) one two three four five six seven eight

writing

falling out of love // character building // family history // plot a complex nvel in one day (literally all day) // writing diverse south asain characters // punctuating dialogue // tips for science fiction writing // tips for writing sex // creating a new language // naming characters // how not to write // pixar’s tips for storytelling // avoiding writing insecurity // how to use a semicolon // how to make yr protagonist likable // why character motivation is important // 41 emotions expressed through body language // how to write flashbacks // chapter checklist // questions to ask when creating a fictional culture // how to write action scenes // self imposed writing deadlines // characters and endings // writing multiple povs // 16 day redesign challenge // how to get started writing // character development // when not to write // why you should leave comments on fanfic // creating a new world parallel to earth // writing a series // child speech // writing summaries // subtle signs of love // getting published // living in the desert // here’s a masterpost im so tired

studying

annoyingly long but super helpful languages masterpost // how to study for college exams // a neato planner // taking organized notes // how to revise // mega cool masterpost // dealing with exam anxiety // apps to control procrastination // strategic reading // note taking tips // exam life hacks // why the right study setting matters // remembering what pi means // studying daily vs night before cramming // planning and writing literature papers // dealing with school and stress // lil masterpost

college

huge 'so you wanna go to college’ masterpost // choosing a major // seven hour college health collection // ways to organize yr dorm // cheap things for school // another college masterpost // dealing with a shitty roomate // yet another masterpost // textbooks masterpost // eating healthy in dining hall // apps for school // starting the school year with higher grades and motivation // surviving college // what to do if you think you’ve been drugged // how to prep for college in highschool //

for when yr bored

live sloth feed // learn to do a lot of things (this ones sick) // read any book // these games are so cute // make a font from your handwriting // play the games you played when you were a kid // answer questions to donate food to the hungry // do things with long distance friends // things to help you make things // play tetris // make burgers, ice cream, pancakes, pizza, tacos // your keyboard is a piano // learn to code // watch that bob ross show // some relaxing games //  expand your vocabulary // be hugged // by a book on amazon for one cent // adventure time princess maker // play pokemon // play trivia games // notable cats and dogs // when to take a bathroom break during a movie // weird wikipedia articles // make yr own vitamin water // free indie games // secret door to really cool places // sushi cat game // learn how to do that hipster shit embroidery // plant studio // make a printable poster // wtf should i make for dinner // watch old nick tv shows // final grade calculator // its a pun generator // wikipedia articles to read in the dark // make a cute lil squid // how to make a glitter jar // are you tone deaf // the dress up game masterpost, in which i discovered god is real // make art with sand // see where ppl are instagramming // football players singing // coffee shop sounds // how to lucid dream // 100 things to do

My friend Alyasha is a design powerhouse and a legend in the streetwear industry. We met through Self Edge, which happens to be a shop that aligns well with his passion for vintage American fashion and culture. He’s also one of the most stylish dudes I know. I’m happy to see him get some shine with PF Flyers, a company he’s been supporting his whole life. 

Click here to check out the other two segments in his series.

Room Portraits | Menno Aden

Through challenging camera angles Menno Aden abstracts most familiar actual living environments and public interiors into flattened two-dimensional scale models. A camera that the artist installed on the ceiling of various rooms takes pictures downwards of the interiors. The resulting images lay out space in symmetrical compositions that look like assemblages stripped off any kind of objectivity. The views into private homes and secret retreats bring up associations of the ubiquitous observation camera. The notion of surveillance is systematically played out by the artist to hint at society’s voyeuristic urge that popular culture has made mainstream.

-Miriam Nöske