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“Give me five minutes to explain taxes to you: The top marginal tax rate is currently 39.6 percent, which remember, is an altogether different thing from the effective tax rate that wealthy people end up actually paying after taking advantage of various tax loopholes. What does that even mean - a ‘marginal tax’ rate of 39.6 percent? Does it mean the average person pays 39.6% in taxes? No. Does it mean that the income earners in the top one percent pays 39.6% in taxes? NO! Here’s what a marginal tax rate of 39.6% means: First, as of 2013 the top tax rate for individuals currently doesn’t begin unless you earn $406,750 dollars. Actually, that tax rate doesn’t even take effect until you make $406,750 + $1 dollar. Got that part? That’s important. Here’s the tricky detail that most people miss: the 39.6% tax rate is only applicable on anything OVER $406,750 dollars. So if you made $406,752 dollars, then only two ($2) of those dollars will be taxed at the highest rate of 39.6%…and the other $406,750 is not. Of course, this does not take into account the numerous tax loopholes that I alluded to earlier. Thus, if the top marginal tax rate is 39.6 percent, then after using any number of tax loopholes, write offs and various other cheats, it’s entirely possible earn over $406,750 dollars per year and still pay even less in taxes than a working class American earning much less. SN: this applies only to people who do actual work for a paycheck. If, on the other hand, your primary income is from inheritance or stock investments and you pay all your bills off of that interest (aka “capital gains”), then your taxes work differently altogether (hint: they’re even lower). Take multi-billionaire Mitt Romney, for example. In 2010 he only paid an effective (real) tax rate of 13.9 percent, odds are that’s much lower than the tax rate you (or your parents) just paid. Here’s the last thing you should remember: Only one percent of Americans make $400,750 a year or higher. Stated differently, the top income tax rate effects around 3.5 million —out of 350,000,000 Americans. And that’s only on the dollars ABOVE $400,750. BOO HOO right? Approximately 3.5 million Americans might, maybe, perhaps *possibly* have to pay the top federal income tax rate…but only on anything above $406,750 dollars…and only if they refuse to take advantage of ridiculously huge tax loopholes so big you could fly a jumbo jet through them. THAT is what conservatives are crying about when they complain about the top tax rate. That’s it.”

— This is why whining about the top tax rate is a joke and Republicans are the party for the Greedy One Percent (and the deluded suckers “future millionaires“ who repeatedly vote for them)

Bioinformatics/ Genomics

Genomics:

What is Genomics?

In 1970s Scientist Found the DNA Series of Simple Living Life. It is Branch Of Science, Based on Anatomy, Drawing, Function, Progress, and Modification of Genome. Genomics is Complete Study of the Genomes of Creatures. A Genome is Entire Set of Creatures DNA, Containing All of Its Genes. Its Key Task is Find The Complete Series of DNA or Structure of the Molecules that Build the DNA and the Chemical Chain Between The DNA Molecules. DNA Sequencing Knowledge is Not Only Very essential For The Biological Research But Equally Important in Medical, Medicine, Biotechnology & In Forensic Research etc.

Following are the Key Genomic Research Areas:

1. Meta-Genomics: MetaGenomics is Study of Genetic Substance Which is Gain or Cultivated From Environmental Pattern/Sample. It is Also Known as Ecogenomics, Community Genomics, and Environmental Genomics.

2. Human Genomics: As Name Suggested Human Genomics Is Concentrate on Study of Human Genome Sequence. The Human Genomics is the Entire Set of Nucleic Acid Sequences for Humans, It Found in DNA Within the Pair of 23 Chromosomes in Cell Nuclei and Small DNA Molecule Found separately in Mitochondria.

3. Bacteriophage Genomics: It is Also Known As Phage, it is Study of Genomics Which Infect Bacteria. Phages are ubiquitous viruses, found wherever bacteria Occurs. Bacteria Found in Soil or the animal’s intestines.

4. Pharmacogenomics: This is Branch Of Genomics Studies, Learn About the Impact of Genetic Changes on the Drugs Efficiency and Toxicity, and Plays Very Key Role in Optimization of Medicine Therapy.

5. Cyanobacteria genomics: This is Area of genomic Investigation is Focusing on the study of cyanobacteria, a phylum of bacteria which get Strength through photosynthesis.

Bioinformatics:

What is Bioinformatics?

Bioinformatics is the Application of Information Technology, Used to Generate Methods and Software Tool For getting Knowledge of Biological data or Living Things. It is Used For Solving Biological Problems.

Bioinformatics is helpful for Create and Implements Computer Programs That Gives Access to Handle, Use and Manage the Information. it is Also Helpful to Develop New Algorithms and Statical Measures That Is Very Useful to Access Large Data.

1. Functional Gene Annotations / Genome Annotation: Gene Annotation is the Action of recognizing the Place of Genes and Entire Coding Zone in a Genome and Find What Those Genes Actually Do.

There Are Three Main Steps For Genome Annotation:

a. Recognize Section of Genome That does not Code For Proteins.

b. Recognise Elements of the  Genome, A action Called Gene Prediction.

c. Connect Biological Information to These Elements.

2. Next-generation sequencing (NGS): It is Fresh Process for Sequencing Genome at High Speed & Less Cost. Next Generation Sequencing  Also Called Second Generation Sequencing(SGS) or Massively Parallel Sequencing(MPS). NGS Generate a Large Amount of Sequence Data. NGS Plays Key Role in the Big Y Test From Family Tree DNA & Y Prime, Y-Elite & While Genome Test From Full Genomes Corporation. The Mitochondrial DNA full Series test uses next-generation sequencing technology (NGS).

3. Gene / Orf Prediction: An Gene/ Orf Prediction is the Element of Reading Frame That Has Capacity to Translated.

4. Genome alignment and Analysis: In Bioinformatics, Sequence Analysis is the Action of Subject to RNA, & DNA. Methods applied for Sequence Alignment, Searches Opposite Biological Database.

5. Multiple sequence alignment: MSA is Normally the Alignment of Three Or More than three Biological Sequences of Equal Length, Generally Protein, RNA & DNA.

6. BLAST / BLAT Data Analysis: Blat is Pairwise Sequence Alignment Algorithm Was Created By Jim Kent At UCSC in the 2000s to Help the Assembly & Notation of Human Genome.

7. Comparative Genomics: Comparative Genomics is an area of Biological Research in WhichGenomis Characteristics of Distinct Creatures are Compared. The Genomic Characteristics Consist the DNA Sequence, Gene Order, Genes, Regulatory Sequences & Another Genomics Landmark.

Gene Variant that Protects Against Alzheimer’s Identified

Authored by Kenny Walter, Digital Reporter, R&D Magazine

Scientists have identified a gene variant that, if reduced, may decrease the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

Researchers from Brigham Young University (BYU) have discovered a rare genetic variant that provides a protective effect for high-risk individuals, including elderly people who carry known genetic risk for Alzheimer’s but never acquire the disease.

Read more: https://www.rdmag.com/article/2017/11/gene-variant-protects-against-alzheimers-identified

The reason for the season: Internship applications Apply now

Who are you looking for?

The person reading this, hopefully. We’re looking for smart, fun, humble people. In general, you need to be enrolled in college and have completed three semesters of coursework. But maybe you took your own path—tell us about it!

What’s the internship?

There’s a bunch. Go here for the full list: Engineering, Marketing, Data science, Business, Design, etc. If you don’t see something for you, keep checking. We’ll be adding more over the next couple months. And yeah they’re all paid—it’s serious work. 

Where is it?

Mostly New York, the city of dreams. But also LA, the city of Angelenos.

When?

At least eight weeks. June-ish to August-ish—whatever your school schedule allows.

Why?

Seems like a weird question to ask. 

How do I apply?

Go here 👈  Find an internship. Click apply. You’ll need a resume and cover letter so now would be a good time to meet your school’s career counselor.

<3 See you here! 

(Robot by Creepyblog)

Human Physical Immortality Roadmap by Maria Konovalenko. You can see more at her blog: http://mariakonovalenko.wordpress.com/tag/ai-will-become-a-doctor-and-a-scientist/

Using Historical Reference Points to Raise Your Consciousness

I still remember learning about the Coliseum and Circus Maximus in middle school social studies. I found it amazing that a society 2,000 years ago could build stadiums that were just as big as the ones in use today. My teacher also explained that, just like modern professional athletes, top chariot racers and gladiators often became household names whom young boys idolized while growing up. This aspect of Ancient Rome fascinated me, since it seemed so similar to the 21st century.

I can still recall a question about Roman culture on a test during the Coliseum unit. We were asked to write an essay regarding the role of “Bread and Circuses” in Roman society. If your memories of Middle School history are a bit foggy, here’s Wikipedia’s summary of the term:

“Bread and circuses” … is metonymic (figure of speech) for a superficial means of appeasement. In the case of politics, the phrase is used to describe the generation of public approval, not through exemplary or excellent public service or public policy, but through diversion; distraction; or the mere satisfaction of the immediate, shallow requirements of a populace, as an offered “palliative.” (1)

Basically, my teacher explained that the Roman games were used to distract the common people, while those in government worked on projects outside of public notice. After finishing the test something struck me. If so many parallels exist between modern-day sports and the Roman games (both feature large stadiums, high stakes competition, masculine idols, etc.), then isn’t it likely that American sports also have a “Bread and Circuses” element?

This question seemed especially relevant since the United States was in the process of invading Iraq at the time. There were widespread protests against U.S. imperialism, but of course professional sports were as popular as ever. In fact, my favorite teams would often honor veterans and ask the crowd to Salute our troops. Our whole culture was starting to seem quite Roman….

Body

So I brought this question up during the next class. “Aren’t the NFL and NBA a modern day version of ‘bread and circuses?’ I mean they’re similar to the Roman games in every other respect.” I don’t remember the exact conversation that resulted, but I know it was inconclusive. People seemed unwilling to even entertain this idea, and would use simple phrases (like “No, America is a free country”) to try and disprove it.But this idea kept coming back to me throughout high school. The US was fighting battles in Iraq, and there I was watching a baseball game. Was I living in Rome 2.0?

Comparing modern-day sports to the Roman circus is a great intellectual exercise. Personally, it forced me to begin thinking critically and to reassess what I consider “normal” in every day life. Synthesizing historical facts with modern day trends also helps you become more objective (and less biased) about the era you happen to be born into.

For example, no one would disagree that Rome was an Empire between 27 BC and 395 AD. This nation was called the “Roman Empire” because it:

Had a massive military.

Conquered foreign lands.

Maintained a strong central government with little input from the public.

Amassed great wealth.-

 Etc….

If all these factors made Rome an Empire, why wouldn’t they also make the United States an Empire? We do all the exact same things as Rome, but use different words to describe our actions. Let’s compare the two:

“Had a massive military”

- We spend more on our military than the next 9 countries combined. (2)

“Conquered foreign lands”:

- The US has 800 military bases in 80+ foreign countries. This is thought to be the most bases a nation has ever possessed in history. Many of these bases are clustered in countries we conquered on the battlefield (especially Japan and Germany.) (3)

“A strong central government with little input from the public”

- A Princeton/Northwestern University study of 20 years worth of data states point blank: “The preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule, near-zero, statistically non-significant impact upon public policy.“ (4)

“Amassed great wealth”

- The United States is the richest country in History.

The point here is that the United States more than fulfills the traits of Empire we attribute to Rome. How, then, can we call Rome an Empire and not the United States? To do so is to live in a paradox, and to be trapped in illusion..

Counterpoint

A common rebuttal to my argument is to point out the differences on paper between each form of government. Rome had a single emperor, whereas the United States has a president who (in theory) is checked by the court system and Congress. When you analyze governments, though, all that really matters are their actions. Everything else tends to be official-sounding hot air. As the Bible says, “By their fruit you will recognize them. Are grapes gathered from thorn bushes, or figs from thistles?” Do peace-loving democracies bomb 32 countries in 55 years? (5)

In retrospect we can confidently say that Rome became an "Empire” in 27 BC. However, from the average Roman’s point of view, things wouldn’t have appeared so cut-and-dry. It took centuries for the Emperor to consolidate power, and the Senate never formally disbanded. The Emperor was also checked by various sources - without support from the Praetorian Guard (the elite military unit that provided protection for Roman emperors), rulers had no chance of maintaining power. Throughout much of the Empire’s history, the Senate also “technically” had the power to appoint new Emperors. I’m sure there were “Blue Pill” Romans who would’ve scoffed at the notion that they lived in an Empire. In a funny parallel to today’s pronouncements that we need to “make the world safe for democracy,” Roman leaders often talked about using their massive military to maintain Pax Romana (or Roman peace.)

Yet, historians can confidently say: 

“No, Rome was definitely an empire. The Senate was mostly symbolic, and the military really ran the country.”

In other words, we look past the biases that may have clouded the average Roman’s view of his own government at the time, and make an objective statement about how the country really functioned. This is easy to do when the events and people in question expired thousands of years ago. The question is: can we bring this same discernment and objective attitude to the modern day?

Conclusion

By comparing modern day trends that seem “normal” (for example, sports and U.S. foreign policy) to established historical reference points, you can start to see your own time period with more objectivity. This can be very hard to do, since it calls into question much of what we are taught from a young age. For those courageous enough to take the leap – I absolutely guarantee it’s worth it. In time you start to see all of the parallels between modern societies and those of the past. You stop blindly falling for propaganda and distractions, and look out at the world with a much clearer perspective. Best of luck.

SOURCES:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_and_circuses

2. https://www.nationalpriorities.org/campaigns/us-military-spending-vs-world/

3. https://www.thenation.com/article/the-united-states-probably-has-more-foreign-military-bases-than-any-other-people-nation-or-empire-in-history/

4. http://www.upworthy.com/20-years-of-data-reveals-that-congress-doesnt-care-what-you-think

5. https://wikispooks.com/wiki/US_Bombing_campaigns_since_1945

“As of a recent repealing of a law by President Trump, the cause of "net neutrality” is now in danger. Without this law, internet service providers would be able to up speeds for certain websites for an extra price meaning websites such as Netflix could pay a huge sum of money to have absolutely rapid website speeds while startup eCommerce businesses have trouble attracting customers with slow website load speeds. This endangers the entire cause of net neutrality, and it’s up to us, the American people to stop net neutrality from being taken away from us. #SaveNetNeutrality" - Addison Miller.