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How do you build a metal nanoparticle?

Novel theory explains how metal nanoparticles form

Although scientists have for decades been able to synthesize nanoparticles in the lab, the process is mostly trial and error, and how the formation actually takes place is obscure. However, a study recently published in Nature Communications by chemical engineers at the University of Pittsburgh’s Swanson School of Engineering explains how metal nanoparticles form.

“Thermodynamic Stability of Ligand-Protected Metal Nanoclusters” (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15988) was co-authored by Giannis Mpourmpakis, assistant professor of chemical and petroleum engineering, and PhD candidate Michael G. Taylor. The research, completed in Mpourmpakis’ Computer-Aided Nano and Energy Lab (C.A.N.E.LA.), is funded through a National Science Foundation CAREER award and bridges previous research focused on designing nanoparticles for catalytic applications.

“Even though there is extensive research into metal nanoparticle synthesis, there really isn’t a rational explanation why a nanoparticle is formed,” Dr. Mpourmpakis said. “We wanted to investigate not just the catalytic applications of nanoparticles, but to make a step further and understand nanoparticle stability and formation. This new thermodynamic stability theory explains why ligand-protected metal nanoclusters are stabilized at specific sizes.”

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Neuroscientists call for deep collaboration to ‘crack’ the human brain

The time is ripe, the communication technology is available, for teams from different labs and different countries to join efforts and apply new forms of grassroots collaborative research in brain science. This is the right way to gradually upscale the study of the brain so as to usher it into the era of Big Science, claim neuroscientists in Portugal, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. And they are already putting ideas into action.

In a Comment in the journal Nature, an international trio of neuroscientists outlines a concrete proposal for jump-starting a new, bottom-up, collaborative “big science” approach to neuroscience research, which they consider crucial to tackle the still unsolved great mysteries of the brain.

How does the brain function, from molecules to cells to circuits to brain systems to behavior? How are all these levels of complexity integrated to ultimately allow consciousness to emerge in the human brain?

The plan now proposed by Zach Mainen, director of research at the Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, in Lisbon, Portugal; Michael Häusser, professor of Neuroscience at University College London, United Kingdom; and Alexandre Pouget, professor of neuroscience at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, is inspired by the way particle physics teams nowadays mount their huge accelerator experiments to discover new subatomic particles and ultimately to understand the evolution of the Universe.

“Some very large physics collaborations have precise goals and are self-organized”, says Zach Mainen. More specifically, his model is the ATLAS experiment at the European Laboratory of Particle Physics (CERN, near Geneva), which includes nearly 3,000 scientists from tens of countries and was able (together with its “sister” experiment, CMS) to announce the discovery of the long-sought Higgs boson in July 2012.

Although the size of the teams involved in neuroscience may not be nearly comparable to the CERN teams, the collaborative principles should be very similar, according to Zach Mainen. “What we propose is very much in the physics style, a kind of 'Grand Unified Theory’ of brain research, he says. "Can we do it? Clearly, it’s not going to happen within five years, but we do have theories that need to be tested, and the underlying principles of how to do it will be much the same as in physics.”

To help push neuroscience research to take the leap into the future, the three neuroscientists propose some simple principles, at least in theory: “focus on a single brain function”; “combine experimentalists and theorists”; “standardize tools and methods”; “share data”; “assign credit in new ways”. And one of the fundamental premises to make this possible is to “engender a sphere of trust within which it is safe [to share] data, resources and plans”, they write.

Needless to say, the harsh competitiveness of the field is not a fertile ground for this type of “deep” collaborative effort. But the authors themselves are already putting into practice the principles they advocate in their article.

“We have a group of 20 researchers (10 theorists and 10 experimentalists), about half in the US and half in the UK, Switzerland and Portugal” says Zach Mainen. The group will focus on only one well-defined goal: the foraging behavior for food and water resources in the mouse, recording activity from as much of the brain as possible - at least several dozen brain areas.

“By collaboration, we don’t mean business as usual; we really mean it”, concludes Zach Mainen. “We’ll have 10 labs doing the same experiments, with the same gear, the same computer programs. The data we will obtain will go into the cloud and be shared by the 20 labs. It’ll be almost as a global lab, except it will be distributed geographically.”