Mithras, Mithraism & Mithraic Mysteries: All Ancient Greek and Latin Texts Relating to Mithras and the Mithraists
ΑΝΑΔΗΜΟΣΙΕΥΣΗ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΣΗΜΕΡΑ ΑΝΕΝΕΡΓΟ ΜΠΛΟΓΚ “ΟΙ ΡΩΜΙΟΙ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΑΤΟΛΗΣ”
Το κείμενο του κ. Νίκου Μπαϋρακτάρη είχε αρχικά δημοσιευθεί την 7η Μαΐου 2019.
Αναδημοσίευση από το https://www.tertullian.org/ όλων των αρχαιοελληνικών και λατινικών κειμενικών αναφορών στον Μίθρα. Οι αρχαίες ιρανικές ιστορικές πηγές των αχαιμενιδικών, αρσακιδικών και σασανιδικών και οι αναφορές των Αρχαίων Ελλήνων και Ρωμαίων στον Μίθρα μας βοηθούν τόσο στην ανασύσταση της τρομερής θρησκευτικής διαπάλης των αχαιμενιδικών χρόνων (550-330) ανάμεσα στον Ζωροαστρισμό και τον Μιθραϊσμό, όσο και στην κατανόηση της μεγάλης άγνοιας των Αρχαίων Ελλήνων και Ρωμαίων σχετικά με τις θρησκείες του Ιράν. Με άλλα λόγια, οι Αρχαίοι Έλληνες και Ρωμαίοι δεν στάθηκαν ικανοί να διακρίνουν την τρομερή αντιπαλότητα των Ζωροαστριστών και Μιθραϊστών Ιρανών με τους οποίους συνδιαλέγοντο. Έτσι, η τεράστια σύγχυση σχετικά με το αχαιμενιδικό Ιράν διατηρήθηκε επί μακρόν και επέδρασε αρνητικά στις ρωμαιοϊρανικές σχέσεις κατά τα αρσακιδικά και τα σασανιδικά χρόνια. Αυτή η σύγχυση βρήκε την συνέχειά της στα χριστιανοϊσλαμικά χρόνια, όταν οι Ρωμιοί ιστορικοί δεν μπορούσαν να εννοήσουν τις θρησκευτικές, ψυχικές-πνευματικές, μυστικιστικές και θεολογικές έριδες οι οποίες εκδηλώθηκαν εντός του ισλαμικού χαλιφάτου.
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http://greeksoftheorient.wordpress.com/2019/05/07/μίθρας-μιθραϊσμός-μιθραϊκά-μυστήρι/ ====================
Οι Ρωμιοί της Ανατολής – Greeks of the Orient
Ρωμιοσύνη, Ρωμανία, Ανατολική Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία
Ύστερα από το μεγάλο ενδιαφέρον που προκλήθηκε σχετικά με την διάδοση του Μιθραϊσμού ανάμεσα στους Έλληνες, τους Ρωμαίους, την Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία και ολόκληρη την Ευρώπη εξαιτίας δύο πρώτων κειμένων μου σχετικά, δημοσιεύω σήμερα ένα πλήρη κατάλογο (στα αγγλικά) όλων των αποσπασμάτων αρχαίας ελληνικής και ρωμαϊκής γραμματείας που αναφέρονται στον Μίθρα και στους Μιθραϊστές.
Η επιστημονική εργασία αυτή δεν έχει βεβαίως γίνει από μένα, ούτε κι η ηλεκτρονική παρουσίαση του θέματος είναι δική μου. Παραθέτω τον σύνδεσμο. Είμαι όμως σίγουρος ότι όσοι ενδιαφέρονται σοβαρά θα βρουν εδώ όσα τους χρειάζονται για να κάνουν μόνοι τους την δική τους έρευνα.
Αποσπάσματα από τον Ηρόδοτο και τον Ξενοφώντα μέχρι τον Θεοφάνη και τον Φώτιο, περνώντας από τους Δίωνα Χρυσόστομο, τον Λουκιανό, τον Δίωνα Κάσσιο, τον Ψευδο-Καλλισθένη, τον Γρηγόριο Ναζιανζηνό, τον Ιουλιανό Παραβάτη, τον Ιερώνυμο, τον Κοσμά Ινδικοπλεύστη, τον Κοσμά Μελωδό, και πολλούς άλλους δείχνουν σε ποιον βαθμό είχε προχωρήσει ο πολιτισμικός εκπερσισμός των Αρχαίων Ελλήνων και των Ρωμαίων. Οι φιλολογικές μαρτυρίες παρουσιάζονται καταταγμένες χρονολογικά.
Εννοείται ότι δεν περιλαμβάνονται εδώ οι επιγραφικές μαρτυρίες: οι χιλιάδες επιγραφών σε αρχαία ελληνικά και λατινικά που έχουν ανασκαφεί κι ανευρεθεί από την Κομμαγηνή και τον Πόντο μέχρι την Γερμανία και την Βρεταννία κι από την Αλγερία και την Ιβηρική μέχρι τις στέππες της Ουκρανίας.
Επίσης δεν περιλαμβάνονται εδώ κατάλογοι αναγλύφων, αγαλμάτων, μνημείων, ναών του Μίθρα (: ‘Μιθραίων’) και γενικώτερα αρχαιολογικών χώρων που έχουν εντοπισθεί δυτικά του Ιράν και μέχρι τον Ατλαντικό, ή από την Βόρεια Ευρώπη μέχρι το Σουδάν.
Τα τρία πρότερα κείμενά μου για το θέμα βρίσκονται εδώ:
Οι Ατελείωτες Επελάσεις του Μίθρα προς την Δύση κι ο Πολιτισμικός Εξιρανισμός Ελλήνων, Ρωμαίων κι Ευρωπαίων
https://greeksoftheorient.wordpress.com/2019/04/29/οι-ατελείωτες-επελάσεις-του-μίθρα-προ/
(και πλέον: https://www.academia.edu/58627059/Οι_Ατελείωτες_Επελάσεις_του_Μίθρα_προς_την_Δύση_κι_ο_Πολιτισμικός_Εξιρανισμός_Ελλήνων_Ρωμαίων_κι_Ευρωπαίων)
Ταυροθυσίες και Μιθραϊκά Μυστήρια στην Κορυφή του Ολύμπου – Η Απόλυτη Επιβολή του Περσικού Πνεύματος ανάμεσα στους Έλληνες & το Τέλος της Αρχαίας Ελλάδας
https://greeksoftheorient.wordpress.com/2019/05/06/ταυροθυσίες-και-μιθραϊκά-μυστήρια-στ/
(και πλέον: https://www.academia.edu/62212919/Ταυροθυσίες_και_Μιθραϊκά_Μυστήρια_στην_Κορυφή_του_Ολύμπου_Η_Απόλυτη_Επιβολή_του_Περσικού_Πνεύματος_ανάμεσα_στους_Έλληνες_and_το_Τέλος_της_Αρχαίας_Ελλάδας)
και
Η Απόλυτη Κυριαρχία των Μιθραϊστών Πειρατών στο Αιγαίο, την Ελλάδα και τον Θεσσαλικό Όλυμπο στον 1ο Αιώνα π.Χ. – Τι λέει ο Πλούταρχος
http://greeksoftheorient.wordpress.com/2019/05/07/η-απόλυτη-κυριαρχία-των-μιθραϊστών-πε/
(και πλέον: https://www.academia.edu/62228155/Η_Απόλυτη_Κυριαρχία_των_Μιθραϊστών_Πειρατών_στο_Αιγαίο_την_Ελλάδα_και_τον_Θεσσαλικό_Όλυμπο_στον_1ο_Αιώνα_π_Χ_Τι_λέει_ο_Πλούταρχος)
Για όσους έχουν δυσκολία στα αγγλικά, τονίζω ότι θα επανέλθω συχνά-πυκνά εστιάζοντας σε πολλά από τα παρακάτω κείμενα.
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Ο Μίθρας στο Ιράν, Ανάγλυφο του Ταγ-ε Μποστάν (Taq-e_Bostan): στέψη του Αρντασίρ Β’ 379-383 μ.Χ. (αριστερά, κραδαίνοντας το μπαρσόμ)
Ο Μίθρας στο Ιεροθέσιον Κορυφής (Νέμρουτ Νταγ) και άλλα μνημεία της Κομμαγηνής
Ο Μίθρας στην Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία και την Ευρώπη
Ο Μίθρας στην Αυτοκρατορία της Μερόης (‘Αιθιοπία’: Αρχαίο Σουδάν), Αναπαράσταση των χρόνων του βασιλέως Σορκάρορ (Shorkaror – 20-30 μ.Χ.) από το Τζέμπελ Κέιλι (Jebel Qeili), ανατολικά του Χαρτούμ
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Mithras: all the passages in Graeco-Roman literature
http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/mithras/literary_sources.htm
This page contains a list of all the passages in Greek or Latin literature that refer to “Mithra(s)”, in English translation. This includes all the material for both the ancient Persian cult of Mitra, and the Roman cult of Mithras, as it is sometimes not clear which is intended here, and the Romans themselves tended to suppose that Mithras and Mithra were the same, and used the same word for each.
I have indicated in each case, where possible, which is intended: the Persian cult by P, the Roman one by R. and those which could be either as ?.
The material here has mainly been gathered as follows:
· Use the bibliography from Manfred Clauss The Roman cult of Mithras.
· Use Geden Select passages illustrating Mithraism
· Use Cumont, Textes et Monuments 2. A number of passages which don’t mention Mithras, or else are from late saints’ lives, are omitted.
I have tried to link to complete English translations online where possible, and to indicate where the original language text can be found using {}. In some cases where more than one translation was available to me, I give both. Dates given for the works are approximate, for the convenience of the reader.
I have excluded Persian and Armenian material, which presumably would be inaccessible in the Greek and Roman world anyway. Geden translates a small selection of this.
· Herodotus (5th c. BC) P
· Ctesias (4th c. BC) P
· Xenophon (4th c. BC) P
· Duris of Samos (4th c. BC) P
· Strabo (20 BC) P
· Pliny the Elder (ca. 50 AD) P
· Quintus Curtius (40-50 AD) P
· Plutarch (c. 100 AD) P
· Dio Chrysostom (50-120 AD) P
· Statius (80 AD) R
· Justin Martyr (150 AD) R
· Lucian (120-200 AD) P
· Zenobius the Sophist (2nd century AD) ?
· Tertullian (ca. 200 AD) R
· Cassius Dio (ca. 200 AD) P
· Origen (200-254 AD) R
· Ps.Clement (200 AD) ?
· Porphyry (ca.270 AD) R
· Commodian (3rd c. AD) R
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· Arnobius the Elder (295 AD) ?
· P.Oxy.1802 (2-3rd c. AD) P
· Ps.Callisthenes (300 AD) P
· Greek Magical Papyri (3rd c. AD) ?
· Acts of Archelaus (Early 4th c. AD) R
· Firmicus Maternus (350 AD) R
· Gregory Nazianzen (370 AD) R
· Julian the Apostate (361-2 AD) R
· Himerius (ca. 362 AD) R
· Libanius (ca. 362 AD) R
· Epiphanius (late 4th c.)
· Jerome (ca. 400 AD) R
· Eunapius (late 4th c. AD) R
· Augustan History (late 4th c. AD) R
· Ambrose of Milan (late 4th c. AD) P
· Claudian (ca. 400 AD) P
· Prudentius (ca. 400 AD) ?
· Ps.-Paulinus of Nola / Carmen ad Antonium (ca. 400 AD) R
· Carmen ad Flavianum / contra Paganos (ca. 400 AD) R
· Augustine (early 5th c. AD) R
· Ambrosiaster (5th c. AD) R
· Dionysius the Areopagite (late 5th c. AD) P
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· Martianus Capella (5th c. AD) ?
· Socrates Scholasticus (early 5th c. AD) R
· Sozomen (5th c. AD) R
· Proclus (5th c. AD) P
· Hesychius (ca. 400 AD) P
· Zosimus the alchemist (300 AD) ?
· Zosimus (6th c. AD) ?
· Nonnus of Panopolis (ca. 400 AD) P
· Lactantius Placidus (5th century AD) R
· John the Lydian (6th c. AD) R
· Damascius (6th c. AD) ?
· Cosmas Indicopleustes (ca. 550 AD) P
· Maximus the Confessor (7th c. AD) P
· Nonnus the Mythographer (6th or 7th c. AD) R
· John the Lydian (6th c. AD) R
· Theophylact Simocatta (ca. 600 AD) ?
· Cosmas of Jerusalem (ca. 750 AD) R
· Theophanes (650+ AD) R
· The Suda (9-10 c. AD) R
· Photius (9 c. AD) R
· Panegyrici Latini (9th c. AD) ?
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Herodotus (5th c. B.C.) [=Mithra] {Cumont, ii, p.16-17}
Histories, book 1, ch. 131 (Geden p.24):
Others are accustomed to ascend the hill-tops and sacrifice to Zeus, the name they give to the whole expanse of the heavens. Sacrifice is offered also to the sun and moon, to the earth and fire and water and the winds. These alone are from ancient times the objects of their worship, but they have adopted also the practice of sacrifice to Urania, which they have learned from the Assyrians and Arabians. The Assyrians give to Aphrodite the name Mylitta, the Arabians Alilat and the Persians Mitra.
Cumont notes that Ambrose of Milan also calls Mithra female.
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Ctesias (after 398 B.C.) [=Mithra] {Cumont, ii, p.10}
Quoted by Athenaeus, Deipnosophists, book 10, ch.45 (2nd c.). Geden p.25:
Ktesias reports that among the Indians it was not lawful for the king to drink to excess. Among the Persians however the king was permitted to be intoxicated on the one day on which sacrifice was offered to Mithra.
Cumont adds that the passage from Athenaeus is reproduced in part by Eustathius, Commentary on the Odyssey, XVIII, 3, p.1854; and Commentary on the Iliad, p.957.
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Xenophon (ca. 397-340 B.C.) [=Mithra] {Cumont, ii, p.51}
Oeconomicus, IV. 24. Cyrus the Younger, addressing Lysander:
Do you wonder at this, Lysander? I swear to you by Mithra that whenever I am in health I never break my fast without perspiring. (Geden)
Cyropaedia, VII. 5. Spoken by Artabazus to Cyrus the Elder.
By Mithra I could not come to you yesterday without fighting my way through many foes. (Geden)
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Duris of Samos (Mid. 4th c. B.C.) [=Mithra] {Cumont, ii, p.10}
Quoted by Athenaeus, Deipnosophists, book 10, ch.45, immediately after the quote from Ctesias above. (2nd c. A.D.) Geden p.26.
In the seventh book of his Histories Duris has preserved the following account on this subject. Only at the festival celebrated by the Persians in honour of Mithra does the Persian king become drunken and dance after the Persian manner. On this day throughout Asia all abstain from the dance. For the Persians are taught both horsemanship and dancing; and they believe that the practice of these rhythmical movements strengthens and disciplines the body.
Cumont adds that the passage from Athenaeus is reproduced in part by Eustathius, Commentary on the Odyssey, XVIII, 3, p.1854; and Commentary on the Iliad, p.957.
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Strabo (20 B.C.) [=Mithra] {Cumont, ii, p.49}
Geographica, XI. 14:
The country (i.e. Armenia) is so excellently suited to the rearing of horses, being not inferior indeed to Media, that the Nisaean steeds are raised there also of the same breed that the Persian kings were wont to use. And the satrap of Armenia used to send annually to Persia twice ten thousand colts for the Mithraic festivals. (Geden)
Geographica, XV. 3:
The Persians therefore do not erect statues and altars, but sacrifice on a high place, regarding the heaven as Zeus; and they honour also the sun, whom they call Mithra, and the moon and Aphrodite and fire and earth and the winds and water. (Geden)
Cumont notes that the second passage reproduces Herodotus.
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Pliny the Elder (23-79 A.D.) [=Mithra] {Cumont, ii, p.32}
Natural History, book 37, chapter 10: (Jewels derived from the name)
Mithrax is brought from Persia and the hill-country of the Red Sea, a stone of varied colours that reflects the light of the sun. … The Assyrians prize Eumitren the jewel of Bel their most honoured deity, of a light-green colour and employed in divination. (Geden)
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Quintus Curtius (40-50 A.D.) [=Mithra] {Cumont, ii, p.10}
Geden p.27. History of Alexander, book 4, chapter. 13. The scene is before the battle of Arbela.
The king himself with his generals and Staff passed around the ranks of the armed men, praying to the sun and Mithra and the sacred eternal fire to inspire them with courage worthy of their ancient fame and the monuments of their ancestors.
Cumont adds that there is a variant here: mithrem rather than mithram.
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Plutarch (ca. 100 A.D.) [=Mithra] {Cumont, ii, p.33-36}
De Iside et Osiride, ch. 46. Theopompus lived in the 4th c. B.C.
The following is the opinion of the great majority of learned men. By some it is maintained that there are two gods, rivals as it were, authors the one of good and the other of evil. Others confine the name of god to the good power, the other they term demon, as was done by Zoroaster the Magian, who is said to have lived to old age five thousand years before the Trojan war. He calls the one Horomazes, the other Areimanius. The former he assserts is of all natural phenomena most closely akin to the light, the latter to darkness, and that Mithra holds an intermediate position. To Mithra therefore the Persians give the name of the mediator. Moreover he taught men to offer to Horomazes worthy and unblemished sacrifices, but to Areimanius imperfect and deformed. For they bruise a kind of grass called molu in a trough, and invoke Hades and Darkness; then mixing it with the blood of a slaughtered wolf they carry it to a sunless place and throw it away. For they regard some plants as the property of the good god, and some· of the evil demon; and so also such animals as dogs and birds ,and hedgehogs belong to the good deity, and the water rat to the evil. Of these last therefore it is meritorious to kill as many as possible.
They have also many stories to relate concerning the gods, for example that Horomazes was born of the purest light, Areimanius of the darkness, and these are hostile to one another. The former created six gods, the first three deities respectively of good-will, truth, and orderliness, the others of wisdom, wealth, and a good conscience. By the latter rivals as it were to these were formed of equal number. Then Horomazes extended himself to thrice his stature as far beyond the sun as the sun is beyond the earth, and adorned the heaven with stars, appointing one star, Sirius, as guardian and watcher before all. He made also other twenty-four gods and placed them in an egg, but Areimanius produced creatures of equal number and these crushed the egg . . . wherefore evil is mingled with good.
At the appointed time however Areimanius must be utterly brought to nought and destroyed by the pestilence and famine which he has himself caused, and the earth will be cleared and made free from obstruction, the habitation of a united community of men dwelling in happiness and speaking one tongue. Theopompus further reports that according to the magi for three thousand years in succession each of the gods holds sway or is in subjection, and that there will follow on these a further period of three thousand years of war and strife, in which they mutually destroy the works of one another. Finally Hades will be overthrown, and men will be blessed, and will neither need nourishment nor cast a shadow. And the deity who has accomplished these things will then take rest and solace for a period that is not long, especially for a god, and moderate for a sleeping man. To this effect then is the legendary account given by the magi.
Life of Alexander, c. 30:
If thou art not false to the interests of the Persians, but remainest loyal to me thy lord, tell me by thy regard for the great light of Mithra, and the royal right hand ….
Life of Artaxerxes Memnon, c.4:
Presenting a pomegranate of great size a certain Omisus said to him: By Mithra you may trust this man quickly to make an insignificant city great.
Vita Pompei (Life of Pompey) c.24, 5, 632CD. (This is often quoted as if it had some connection with Mithras of the legions; but surely relates to Mithridates and Persian Mithra in Asia Minor?).
There were of these corsairs above one thousand sail, and they had taken no less than four hundred cities, committing sacrilege upon the temples of the gods, and enriching themselves with the spoils of many never violated before, such as were those of Claros, Didyma, and Samothrace; and the temple of the Earth in Hermione, and that of Aesculapius in Epidaurus, those of Neptune at the Isthmus, at Taenarus, and at Calauria; those of Apollo at Actium and Leucas, and those of Juno in Samos, at Argos, and at Lacinium. They themselves offered strange sacrifices upon Mount Olympus, and performed certain secret rites or religious mysteries, among which those of Mithras have been preserved to our own time having received their previous institution from them. (Dryden)
They were accustomed to offer strange sacrifices on Olympus and to observe certain secret rites, of which that of Mithra is maintained to the present day by those by whom it was first established. (Geden)
(Ps.Plutarch) De fluviis, XXIII. 4.
Clauss says that the story is that Mithras spilled his seed onto a rock, and the stone gave birth to a son, named Diorphos, who, worsted and killed in a duel by Ares, was turned into the mountain of the same name not far from the Armenian river Araxes.
Near it also (i.e. the Araxes) is a mountain Diorphus, so called from the giant of that name, of which this story is told: Mithra being desirous of a son, and hating the female race, entered into a certain rock; and the stone becoming pregnant after the appointed time bore a child named Diorphus. The latter when he had grown to manhood challenged Ares to a contest of valour, and was slain. The purpose of the gods was then fulfilled in his transformation into the mountain which bears his name. (Geden)
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Dio Chrysostom (ca. 50-120 A.D.) [=Mithra] {Cumont, ii, p.60-64}
Oration 36. Marked as doubtful by Cumont.
In the secret mysteries the magi relate a further marvellous tradition concerning this god (Zeus) that he was the first and faultless charioteer of the unrivalled car. For they declare that the car of the sun is more recent, but on account of its prominent course in the sky is familiar to all. Whence is derived, it would seem, the common legend adopted by almost all the leading poets who have told of the risings and settings of the sun, the yoking of the steeds, and his ascent into the car. But of the mighty and perfect car of Zeus none of our writers hitherto has worthily sung, not even Homer or Hesiod, but the story is told by Zoroaster and the descendants of the magi who have learnt from him.
Of him the Persians relate that moved by love of wisdom and righteousness he separated himself from men and lived apart on a certain mountain, that fire subsequently fell from heaven and the whole mountain was kindled into flame. The king then with the most illustrious of the Persians approached wishing to offer prayer to the god. And Zoroaster came forth from the fire unharmed and gently bade them be of good courage and offer certain sacrifices, since it was the divine sanctuary to which the king had come.
Afterwards only those distinguished for love of the truth and who were worthy to approach the god were permitted to have access, and to these the Persians gave the name of magi, as being adepts in the divine service; differing therein from the Greeks who through ignorance of the name call such men wizards. And among other sacred rites they maintain for Zeus a pair of Nisaean steeds, these being the noblest and strongest that Asia yields, but one steed only for the sun. Moreover, they recount their legend not like our poets of the Muses who with all the arts of persuasion endeavour to carry conviction, but quite simply. For without doubt the control and government of the Supreme are unique, actuated always by the highest skill and strength, and that without cessation through endless ages.
The circuits then of the sun and moon are, as I said, movements of parts, and therefore readily discernible; most men however do not understand the movement and course of the whole, but the majestic order of its succession removes it above their comprehension. The further stories which they tell concerning the steeds and their management I hesitate to relate; and indeed they fail to take into account that the nature of the symbolism they employ betrays their own character. For it may be that it would be regarded as an act of folly for me to set forth a barbarian tale by the side of the fair Greek lays.
I must however make the venture. The first of the steeds is said to surpass infinitely in beauty and size and swiftness, running as it does on the outside round of the course, sacred to Zeus himself; and it is winged. The colour also of its skin is bright, of the purest sheen. And on it the sun and the moon are emblematically represented; I understand the meaning to be that these steeds have emblems moon-shaped or other; and they are seen by us indistinctly like sparks dancing in the bright blaze of a fire, each with its own proper motion. And the other stars receive their light through it and are all under its influence; and some have the same motion and are carried round with it, and others follow different courses. And the latter have each their own name among men, but the others are grouped together, assigned to certain forms and shapes.
The most handsome and variegated steed then is the favourite of Zeus himself, and on this account is lauded by them, receiving as is right the chief sacrifices and honours. The next to it in rank bears the name of Hera, being tractable and gentle, greatly inferior however in strength and swiftness. Its colour is naturally black, but that which is illuminated by the sun is always resplendent, while that which is in shadow during its circuit reveals the true character of the skin. The third is sacred to Poseidon, and is slower in movement than the second. His counterpart the poets say is found among men, meaning I suppose that which bears the name of Pegasus; a spring, according to the story, breaking forth in Corinth when the ground was opened.
The fourth is the strangest figure of all, fixed and motionless, not furnished with wings, named Hestia; but they do not hesitate to declare that this also is yoked to the car, remaining however in its place champing a bit of steel. And the others are on each side closely attached to it, the two nearest turning equally towards it, as though assailing it and resenting its control; but the leader on the outside circles constantly around it as though around a fixed centre post. For the most part therefore they live in peace and amity unhurt by one another, but eventually after a long time and many circuits the powerful breath of the leader descends from above and kindles into flame the proud spirit of the others, and most of all of the last.
His flaming mane then is set on fire, in which he took especial pride, and the whole universe. This calamity which they record they say that the Greeks attribute to Phaethon, for they refuse to blame Zeus’ driving of the car, and are unwilling to attach fault to the circuits of the sun … and again when in the course of further years the sacred colt of the Nymphs and Poseidon rouses itself to unaccustomed exertion, and incommoded with the sweat that pours from it drenches its own yokefellow, it gives rise to a destruction the contrary of the preceding, a flood of water. This then is the one catastrophe of which the Greeks have record owing to their recent origin and the shortness of their memory, and they relate that Deucalion reigned over them at that time before the universal destruction.
And in consequence of the ruin brought upon themselves men regard these rare occurrences as taking place neither in harmony with reason nor as a part of the general order, overlooking the fact that they occur in due course and in accordance with the will of the preserver and ruler of all. For it is just as when a charioteer chastises one of his steeds by checking it with the rein or touching it with the whip; the horse gives a start and is restless before settling down into its accustomed order. This earlier control then of the team they say is firm and the universe suffers no harm; but later a change takes place in the movement of the four, and their natures are mutually altered and interchanged, until they are all subdued by the higher power and a uniform character is imposed on all.
Nevertheless they do not hesitate to compare this movement to the conduct and driving of a car, for lack of a more impressive simile. As though a clever artificer should fashion horses out of wax, and should then smooth off the roughnesses of each, adding now to one and now to another, finally reducing all to one pattern, and forming his whole material into one shape. This however is not the case of a Creator fashioning and transforming from the outside the material substance of things without life, but the experience is that of the very substances themselves, as though they were contending for victory in a real and well-contested strife; and the crown of victory is awarded of right to the first and foremost in swiftness and strength and in every kind of virtue, to whom at the beginning of our discourse we gave the name of “chosen of Zeus.”.
For this one being the strongest and naturally fiery quickly consumed the others as though they had been really wax in a period not actually long, though to our limited reasoning it appears infinite; and absorbing into himself the entire substance of all is seen to be far greater and more glorious than before, having won the victory in the most formidable contest by no mortal or immortal aid, but by his own valour. Raised then proudly aloft and exulting in his victory, he takes possession of the widest possible domain, and yet such is his might and power that he craves further room for expansion. Having reached this conclusion they shrink from describing the nature of the living creature as the same; for that it is now no other than the soul of the charioteer and lord, or rather it has the same purpose and mind. (Geden)
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Statius (ca. 80 A.D.) [=Mithras] {Cumont, ii, p.46}
Thebaid, book 1, v.719-20:
(Mithras) ‘twists the unruly horns beneath the rocks of a Persian cave’ (Clauss)
717 …… seu te roseum Titana vocari Gentis Achaemeniae ritu, seu praestat Osirim Frugiferum, seu Persei sub rupibus antri Indignata sequi torquentem cornua Mithram.
Or:
Whether it please thee to bear the name of ruddy Titan after the manner of the Achaemenian race, or Osiris lord of the crops, or Mithra as beneath the rocks of the Persian cave he presses back the horns that resist his control. (Geden)
Geden suggests the horns must be those of the bull.
The scholia on Statius are attributed to a certain Lactantius Placidus.
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Justin Martyr (ca. 150 A.D.) [=Mithras] {Cumont, ii.20-21}
1st Apology, ch. 66
For the apostles, in the memoirs composed by them, which are called Gospels, have thus delivered unto us what was enjoined upon them; that Jesus took bread, and when He had given thanks, said, “This do ye in remembrance of Me, this is My body; “and that, after the same manner, having taken the cup and given thanks, He said, “This is My blood; “and gave it to them alone. Which the wicked devils have imitated in the mysteries of Mithras, commanding the same thing to be done. For, that bread and a cup of water are placed with certain incantations in the mystic rites of one who is being initiated, you either know or can learn. (ANF)
Dialogue with Trypho, ch. 70
70. And when those who record the mysteries of Mithras say that he was begotten of a rock, and call the place where those who believe in him are initiated a cave, do I not perceive here that the utterance of Daniel, that a stone without hands was cut out of a great mountain, has been imitated by them, and that they have attempted likewise to imitate the whole of Isaiah’s words? For they contrived that the words of righteousness be quoted also by them. But I must repeat to you the words of Isaiah referred to, in order that from them you may know that these things are so. They are these: `Hear, ye that are far off, what I have done; those that are near shall know my might.
The sinners in Zion are removed; trembling shall seize the impious. Who shall announce to you the everlasting place? The man who walks in righteousness, speaks in the right way, hates sin and unrighteousness, and keeps his hands pure from bribes, stops the ears from hearing the unjust judgment of blood closes the eyes from seeing unrighteousness: he shall dwell in the lofty cave of the strong rock. Bread shall be given to him, and his water [shall be] sure. Ye shall see the King with glory, and your eyes shall look far off. Your soul shall pursue diligently the fear of the Lord. Where is the scribe? where are the counsellors? where is he that numbers those who are nourished,-the small and great people? with whom they did not take counsel, nor knew the depth of the voices, so that they heard not.
The people who are become depreciated, and there is no understanding in him who hears.’ Now it is evident, that in this prophecy [allusion is made] to the bread which our Christ gave us to eat, in remembrance of His being made flesh for the sake of His believers, for whom also He suffered; and to the cup which He gave us to drink, in remembrance of His own blood, with giving of thanks. And this prophecy proves that we shall behold this very King with glory; and the very terms of the prophecy declare loudly, that the people foreknown to believe in Him were foreknown to pursue diligently the fear of the Lord. Moreover, these Scriptures are equally explicit in saying, that those who are reputed to know the writings of the Scriptures, and who hear the prophecies, have no understanding.
And when I hear, Trypho,” said I, “that Perseus was begotten of a virgin, I understand that the deceiving serpent counterfeited also this. (ANF)
78. … I have repeated to you,” I continued, “what Isaiah foretold about the sign which foreshadowed the cave; but for the sake of those who have come with us to-day, I shall again remind you of the passage.” Then I repeated the passage from Isaiah which I have already written, adding that, by means of those words, those who presided over the mysteries of Mithras were stirred up by the devil to say that in a place, called among them a cave, they were initiated by him. … (ANF)
Geden (p.39-40) renders these passages as:
(Apol. 1, 66) Accordingly in the mysteries of Mithra also we have heard that evil spirits practise mimicry. For at the initiatory rites bread and a cup of water are set out accompanied by certain formulae, as you know or may ascertain.
(Dial. 70) And when in the tradition of the Mithraic mysteries they relate that Mithra was born of a rock, and name the place where his followers receive initiation a cave, do I not know that they are perverting the saying of Daniel that “a stone was hewn without hands from a great mountain,” and likewise the words of Isaiah, all whose sayings also they endeavour to pervert? Noteworthy sayings too besides these they have artfully contrived to use.
(Dial. 78) According to the tradition of the Mithraic mysteries initiation takes place among them in a so-called cave, … a device of the evil one.
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Lucian (120-200 A.D.) [=?] {Cumont, ii.22}
The Gods in Council, chapter 9.
Momus. Ah; and out of consideration for him I suppose I must also abstain from any reference to the eagle, which is now a God like the rest of us, perches upon the royal sceptre, and may be expected at any moment to build his nest upon the head of Majesty?–Well, you must allow me Attis, Corybas, and 9 Sabazius: by what contrivance, now, did they get here? and that Mede there, Mithras, with the candys and tiara? why, the fellow cannot speak Greek; if you pledge him, he does not know what you mean. The consequence is, that Scythians and Goths, observing their success, snap their fingers at us, and distribute divinity and immortality right and left; that was how the slave Zamolxis’s name slipped into our register. However, let that pass. But I should just like to ask that Egyptian there–the dog-faced gentleman in the linen suit — who he is, and whether he proposes to establish his divinity by barking?
Or:
And Attis too, by heaven, and Korybas and Sabazius with what a flood have these deluged us, and your Mithra with his Assyrian cloak and crown, maintaining even their foreign tongue, so that when they give a toast no one can understand what they say. (Geden)
The Tragic Zeus, ch. 8:
There is Bendis herself and Anubis yonder and by his side Attis and Mithra and Men, all resplendent in gold, weighty and costly you may be sure.
Menippus, ch. 6:
Once as with these thoughts I was lying awake I determined to go to Babylon and there make inquiry of one of the magi, the disciples and successors of Zoroaster. I had heard that by incantations and magic rites they open the gates of Hades, and lead thither in safety whom they will, and restore him again to the upper world . . . so I arose at once, and without delay set out for Babylon.
On arrival I betook myself to a certain Chaldaean, a man skilled in the art of the diviner, grey-haired and wearing an imposing beard, whose name was Mithrobarzanes. With much trouble and importunity I won his consent, for whatever fee he liked to name, to be my guide on the way. He took me under his charge, and first for twenty-nine days from the new moon he conducted me at dawn to the Euphrates and bathed me, reciting some long invocation to the rising sun, which I did not fully understand; for like the second-rate heralds at the games he spoke in obscure and involved fashion. It was clear however that he was invoking certain deities.
Then after the invocation he spat thrice in front of me and conducted me back without looking in the face of any whom we met. For food we had acorns, and our drink was milk and honey-mead and the waters of the Choaspes, and we made our couch upon the grass in the open air. These preliminaries concluded he took me about midnight to the Tigris, cleansed and rubbed me down and purified me with resinous twigs and hyssop and many other things, reiterating at the same time the previous invocation. Then he threw spells over me and circumambulated me for my defence against the ghosts and led me back to the house, as I was, on foot; and the rest of the journey we made by boat. He himself put on some sort of a Magian robe, not unlike that of the Medes. And he further equipped me with the cap and lion’s skin and put into my hands the lyre, and bade me if I were asked my name not to answer Menippus, but to say Herakles or Odysseus or Orpheus ….
Arrived at a certain place, gloomy and desolate and overgrown with jungle, we disembarked, Mithrobarzanes leading the way, and dug a pit, and sacrificed the sheep, pouring out the blood over it. Then the Magian with lighted torch in his hand, no longer in subdued tones but exerting his voice to the utmost, invoked the whole host of demons with the Avengers and Furies, “and Hecate the queen of night and noble Persephone,” joining with them some foreign names of inordinate length. (Geden)
Cumont adds that the name of Mithras is explained in two of the scholia on Lucian. The second is similar to Hesychius. Scholia, c. 1. 1 (p.173 ed. Jacobitz), Cumont p.23. Translated by Andrew Eastbourne:
Cumont cites two scholia on Lucian which discuss Mithra(s), from the edition of Jacobitz. For a more recent edition, see Rabe, Scholia in Lucianum (1906).[1]
Scholion on Lucian, Zeus Rants / Jupiter tragoedus 8 [cf. Rabe, p. 60]
This Bendis…[2] Bendis is a Thracian goddess, and Anubis is an Egyptian [god], whom the theologoi[3] call “dog-faced.” Mithras is Persian, and Men is Phrygian. This Mithras is the same as Hephaestus, but others say [he is the same as] Helios. So then, because the barbarians would take pride[4] in wealth, they naturally also outfitted their own gods most expensively. And Attis is revered by the Phrygians…
Scholion on Lucian, The Parliament of the Gods / Deorum concilium 9 [cf. Rabe, p. 212]
Mithrês [Mithras]… Mithras is the sun [Helios], among the Persians.[5]
[1] I have noted points where Rabe’s edition differs in substance from the text printed by Cumont. Rabe’s edition is available online at http://www.archive.org/details/scholiainlucianu00rabe
[2] Lucian’s text here mentions Bendis, Anubis, Attis, Mithrês [Mithras], and Mên.
[3] The Greek term normally refers to poets who wrote about the gods, like Hesiod or Orpheus. Note that this is an emendation; the mss. read logoi (“words / discourses / accounts”), which Rabe adopts in his edition.
[4] Gk. ekômôn; lit., “wore their hair long / let their hair grow long.”
[5] Rabe’s text: “Mithras is the same as Helios, among the Persians.”
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Zenobius the Sophist (2nd century A.D.) [=?]
A Greek sophist of the reign of Hadrian. His collection of proverbs is partly extant.
Proverbia, book 5, 78 (in Corpus paroemiographorum Graecorum vol. 1, p.151). Quoted in Albert de Jong, Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin literature, p.309:
Evander said that the gods who rule over everything are eight: Fire, Water, Earth, Heaven, Moon, Sun, Mithras, Night.
Not in Geden or Cumont.
Clauss p.70 n.84 also mentions literary evidence of syncretism of Mithras with the Orphic creator-god Phanes (no citation). This refers to a similar list from Iranian sources appearing in Theon of Smyrna’s Exposition of mathematical ideas useful for reading Plato, ch. 47 (from Exposition des connaissances mathematiques utiles pour la lecture de platon, J. Dupuis in 1892, p.173):
47. The number eight which is the first cube composed of unity and seven. Some say that there are eight gods who are masters of the universe, and this is also what we see in the sayings of Orpheus:
By the creators of things ever immortal, Fire and water, earth and heaven, moon, And sun, the great Phanes and the dark night.
And Evander reports that in Egypt may be found on a column an inscription of King Saturn and Queen Rhea: “The most ancient of all, King Osiris, to the immortal gods, to the spirit, to heaven and earth, to night and day, to the father of all that is and all that will be, and to Love, souvenir of the magificence of his life.” Timotheus also reports the proverb, “Eight is all, because the spheres of the world which rotate around the earth are eight.” And, as Erastothenes says,
“These eight spheres harmonise together in making their revolutions around the earth.”
The real basis for identification of Mithras and Phanes is some inscriptions.
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Continue in the Word doc. that you can download (see below!)
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Bibliography
· Manfred CLAUSS, The Roman Cult of Mithras: The God and his Mysteries. Edinburgh University Press (2000). Tr. Richard GORDON.
· Franz CUMONT, The Mysteries of Mithra. London: Kegan Paul (1910). Tr. Thomas J. McCORMACK from the second French edition.
An Image of the Tauroctony
[Museo Nazionale, Roma. Photographed by R.Pearse, February 2004]
http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/mithras/literary_sources.htm
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The Overwhelming Prevalence of the Mithraic Pirates throughout the Aegean Sea, Greece and the Thessalian Olympus in the 1st c. BCE: what Plutarch states!
ΑΝΑΔΗΜΟΣΙΕΥΣΗ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΣΗΜΕΡΑ ΑΝΕΝΕΡΓΟ ΜΠΛΟΓΚ “ΟΙ ΡΩΜΙΟΙ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΑΤΟΛΗΣ”
Το κείμενο του κ. Νίκου Μπαϋρακτάρη είχε αρχικά δημοσιευθεί την 7η Μαΐου 2019.
Στηριζόμενος σε πολλές συζητήσεις μας και σε στοιχεία που παρέθεσα σε ένα σεμινάριο (τον Δεκέμβριο του 2018 στην Μόσχα) αναφορικά με την ψευδέστατη δυτική, αποικιοκρατική και ρατσιστική, 'Ιστορία ' της Αρχαίας Ελλάδας, ο κ. Μπαϋρακτάρης αναφέρεται σε μένα και σε ιστορικές πηγές (και πιο συγκεκριμένα τον Πλούταρχο), τις οποίες άθλιοι Άγγλοι ψευτο-επιστήμονες και αγύρτες εξεπίτηδες διεστρέβλωσαν για να παρουσιάσουν διεθνώς το αρχαιοελληνικό εξάμβλωμα ως δήθεν πολιτισμό, και μάλιστα 'δυτικό'. Τόσο ασήμαντο περιθώριο ήταν η Αρχαία Ελλάδα που τελικά κατέληξε παράρτημα ιρανικού, ανατολιακού, μεσοποταμιακού και αιγυπτιακού πολιτισμού. Για τους Αρχαίους Έλληνες του 1ου προχριστιανικού αιώνα, τόσο ο δώδεκα 'θεοί' (και οι γελοίοι ψευτο-ιερείς τους) όσο και οι αρχαίοι Έλληνες φιλόσοφοι ήταν άχρηστα απόβλητα ανίκανα να ιερουργήσουν, να θεουργήσουν, και να μιμηθούν την απέραντη ψυχική ισχύ ή να επιτελέσουν, κατά τα Μυστήρια του Μίθρα, τα μεγαλουργηματικά επιτεύγματα των Ιρανών Μάγων του Μίθρα.
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http://greeksoftheorient.wordpress.com/2019/05/07/η-απόλυτη-κυριαρχία-των-μιθραϊστών-πε/ ==========================
Οι Ρωμιοί της Ανατολής – Greeks of the Orient
Ρωμιοσύνη, Ρωμανία, Ανατολική Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία
Όταν οι Μακεδόνες κι οι Έλληνες στρατιώτες του Μεγάλου Αλεξάνδρου έφθασαν στην Ανατολή κατάλαβαν πόσο βάρβαροι κι απολίτιστοι ήταν οι ίδιοι κι εξανατολίσθηκαν: στην Περσία εκπερσίσθηκαν, στην Αίγυπτο εξαιγυπτίσθηκαν και σε πολλά άλλα σημεία επηρεάσθηκαν καταλυτικά από τους ποιοτικά ανώτερους ανατολικούς πολιτισμούς: στην Βαβυλώνα, στην Φοινίκη, ανάμεσα στους Αραμαίους της Συρο-Παλαιστίνης, και στην ήδη έντονα εξιρανισμένη Ανατολία: στην Καππαδοκία και στον Πόντο. Στην Βακτριανή (Αφγανιστάν) μάλιστα πολλοί Μακεδόνες κι οι Έλληνες στρατιώτες του Μεγάλου Αλεξάνδρου προσχώρησαν στον ήδη αφιγμένο εκεί Βουδισμό.
Οι μεικτοί γάμοι τους οποίους έκαναν δεν ήταν ηλίθιοι πολιτικοί γάμοι, όπως οι κρετίνοι Νεοέλληνες κι οι άλλοι άπιστοι λαοί της αντίχριστης Δύσης συνηθίζουν να κάνουν μέσα στον παρανοϊκό βούρκο του υλισμού και στην παράνοια του αριστοτελισμού, αλλά ιερά μυστήρια. Όλοι οι γάμοι ήταν μυστήριο στην Αρχαιότητα και οι γάμοι των Μακεδόνων κι Ελλήνων στρατιωτών με γυναίκες καταγόμενες στους πολλούς και διαφορετικούς λαούς της απέραντης Ιρανικής Αυτοκρατορίας ήταν εμφανέστατο δείγμα επιβολής του Ιρανικού Πνεύματος και Πολιτισμού ανάμεσα στους Μακεδόνες κι Έλληνες, Αυτό φάνηκε πολύ σύντομα και πρώτα απ’ όλα στον Πόντο. Σαράντα χρόνια μετά τον θάνατο του Μεγάλου Αλεξανδρου, ο Μιθριδάτης Α’ Κτίστης του Πόντου ήταν ένας ελληνικής και ιρανικής καταγωγής βασιλιάς που ήταν πιστός στον Μίθρα κι όχι στον Δία.
Η επιβολή του Μιθραϊσμού επί του Ζωροαστρισμού ήταν καταλυτική σε όλο το Ιράν κατά την διάρκεια των αχαιμενιδικών χρόνων (550-330 π.Χ.). Αυτής έπεται η διάδοση του Μιθραϊσμού ανάμεσα στους Έλληνες ήδη από τον 3ο προχριστιανικό αιώνα. Δεν υπάρχουν ούτε ‘ελληνιστικοί χρόνοι’, ούτε ‘ελληνιστικά βασίλεια’: όλα αυτά είναι διαστρεβλωτικά παρασκευάσματα των ρατσιστών, αποικιοκρατών ελληνιστών κι οριενταλιστών της Γαλλίας, της Αγγλίας και της Αμερικής.
Τα βασίλεια των Σελευκιδών, των Πτολεμαίων, των Ατταλιδών, των ηγεμόνων του Πόντου και της Βακτριανής ήταν ολότελα ανατολικά βασίλεια, όπως το Αρσακιδικό Ιράν, η Καρχηδόνα, η Μεροϊτική Αιθιοπία (στον χώρο του σημερινού Σουδάν), τα υεμενικά βασίλεια Σαβά, Χιμυάρ, Καταμπάν και Χαντραμάουντ, κα. Κι αντί να διαδοθεί ο ελληνικός πολιτισμός ανάμεσα στα πολιτισμικά ανώτερα ανατολικά έθνη, διαδόθηκαν ανατολικές θρησκείες, λατρείες, κοσμολογίες, μυστήρια, κοσμογονίες, μυστικισμοί και παραδόσεις ανάμεσα στους Έλληνες – είτε αυτούς που είχαν εγκατασταθεί στην Ανατολή, είτε εκείνους που παρέμειναν στην Μικρά Ασία, τα νότια Βαλκάνια και την Μεγάλη Ελλάδα.
Αυτή την ιστορική αλήθεια, οι ρατσιστές αποικιοκράτες ιστορικοί προσπάθησαν και προσπαθούν ν’ αποκρύψουν. Δεν είναι αυτό ένα θέμα μόνον ελληνικών πανεπιστημίων. Το ψέμμα του ‘ελληνισμού’ ξεκινάει από την Δυτική Ευρώπη και την Βόρεια Αμερική. Και τμήμα της ιστορικής διαστρέβλωσης γίνεται στις μεταφράσεις αρχαίων κειμένων. Στο επίμαχο απόσπασμα του Πλουτάρχου (από τον Βίο Πομπήιου) που παρέθεσα σε πρότερο κείμενό μου έχουν γίνει παραχαρακτικές μεταφράσεις επειδή διεστραμμένοι, ανώμαλοι, σατανιστές ψευτο-ιστορικοί της Γαλλίας, της Αγγλίας και των ΗΠΑ δεν θέλουν να δεχθούν ότι
1) Μιθραϊστές επιτελούσαν ταυροθυσίες και μυστικές τελετουργίες στην κορυφή του θεσσαλικού Ολύμπου,
2) το Περσικό Πνεύμα επικράτησε του Αρχαίου Ελληνικού Πνεύματος όταν οι Αρχαίοι Έλληνες αποδέχθηκαν την φυσική ανωτερότητα των αρχαίων ανατολικών πολιτισμών και προσχώρησαν σε ανατολικών θρησκειών μυστήρια και τελετουργίες,
3) η Αρχαία Ελληνική Ιερότητα έσβυσε όταν ο κύριος ιερός χώρος των Αρχαίων Ελλήνων (η κατοικία των ‘θεών’) μεταλλάχθηκε υποτασσόμενος στην περσική μιθραϊκή ιερότητα κι απαλλοτριώθηκε από κάθε αρχαίο ελληνικό πολιτιστικό στοιχείο,
4) οι ίδιοι οι Αρχαίοι Έλληνες προθύμως αποδέχθηκαν τον Μιθραϊσμό και τα Μιθραϊκά Μυστήρια.
Έτσι λοιπόν υπάρχουν ρατσιστές κι αποικιοκράτες, δυτικοί ψευτο-ιστορικοί που παρερμηνεύουν το κείμενο του Πλουτάρχου, λέγοντας ότι δεν αναφέρεται στον θεσσαλικό Όλυμπο αλλά στον Όλυμπο της Λυκίας – επειδή τάχα εκείνο το βουνό βρισκόταν κοντά στην Κιλικία, δηλαδή το ορμητήριο των πειρατών που ο Πομπήιος δυσκολεύθηκε πολύ να υποτάξει επειδή τους βοηθούσε πλουσιοπάροχα ο εκπερσισμένος Έλληνας βασιλιάς Μιθριδάτης ΣΤ’ του Πόντου (: ένας από τους μεγαλύτερους ηγεμόνες όλων των εποχών που στο σάπιο κράτος ‘Ελλάδα’ καθόλου δεν μνημονεύουν στην Μέση Εκπαίδευση μόνο και μόνο για να παρουσιάζουν σκουπίδια του τύπου Θουκυδίδη, Περικλή, Δημοσθένη, κοκ).
Ποια είναι όμως η ιστορική αλήθεια που τα ίδια τα συμφραζόμενα του κειμένου αποδεικνύουν, έτσι γελοιοποιώντας τους δυτικούς ελληνιστές κι οριενταλιστές.
Παραθέτω εδώ και πάλι ένα ευρύτερο απόσπασμα (σε αρχαίο ελληνικό κείμενο και σε σωστή αγγλική μετάφραση) και στην συνέχεια θα το σχολιάσω απαριθμώντας τις αναφορές του Πλούταρχου μία – μία.
Αρχαίο ελληνικό κείμενο
ἐγένοντο δ’ οὖν αἱ μὲν λῃστρίδες νῆες ὑπὲρ χιλίας, αἱ δὲ ἁλοῦσαι πόλεις ὑπ’ αὐτῶν τετρακόσιαι. τῶν δὲ ἀσύλων καὶ ἀβάτων πρότερον ἱερῶν ἐξέκοψαν ἐπιόντες τὸ Κλάριον, τὸ Διδυμαῖον, τὸ Σαμοθρᾴκιον, τὸν ἐν Ἑρμιόνῃ τῆς Χθονίας νεὼν καὶ τὸν ἐν Ἐπιδαύρῳ τοῦ Ἀσκληπιοῦ καὶ τὸν Ἰσθμοῖ καὶ Ταινάρῳ καὶ Καλαυρίᾳ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, τοῦ δὲ Ἀπόλλωνος τὸν ἐν Ἀκτίῳ καὶ Λευκάδι, τῆς δὲ Ἥρας τὸν ἐν Σάμῳ, τὸν ἐν Ἄργει, τὸν ἐπὶ Λακινίῳ. ξένας δὲ θυσίας ἔθυον αὐτοὶ τὰς ἐν Ὀλύμπῳ, καὶ τελετάς τινας ἀπορρήτους ἐτέλουν, ὧν ἡ τοῦ Μίθρου καὶ μέχρι δεῦρο διασώζεται καταδειχθεῖσα πρῶτον ὑπ’ ἐκείνων.
Και η σωστή αγγλική μετάφραση:
There were of these corsairs above one thousand sail, and they had taken no less than four hundred cities, committing sacrilege upon the temples of the gods, and enriching themselves with the spoils of many never violated before, such as were those of Claros, Didyma, and Samothrace; and the temple of the Earth in Hermione, and that of Aesculapius in Epidaurus, those of Neptune at the Isthmus, at Taenarus, and at Calauria; those of Apollo at Actium and Leucas, and those of Juno in Samos, at Argos, and at Lacinium. They themselves offered strange sacrifices upon Mount Olympus, and performed certain secret rites or religious mysteries, among which those of Mithras have been preserved to our own time having received their previous institution from them.
Σχολιασμός των ενεργειών των πειρατών (πριν τους αντιμετωπίσει ο Πομπήιος):
1) Κατέλαβαν όχι λιγώτερες από 400 πόλεις
2) Επιδόθηκαν σε ιεροσυλία αρχαίων ελληνικών ναών
3) Βεβήλωσαν τα ιερά της Κλάρου (του Απόλλωνα: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claros), των Διδύμων (του Απόλλωνα και της Άρτεμης: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didyma), και της Σαμοθράκης (το ιερό των Καβείρων ήταν το κεντρικό μυστηριακό ιερό των Αρχαίων Ελλήνων: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex)
4) Βεβήλωσαν τον ναό της Χθωνίας στην Ερμιόνη (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermione_(Argolis) / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chthonia)
5) Βεβήλωσαν τον ναό του Ασκληπιού στην Επίδαυρο (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Asclepius,_Epidaurus)
6) Βεβήλωσαν τους ναούς του Ποσειδώνα στον Ισθμό, στο Ταίναρο και στην Καλαυρεία, δηλαδή τον Πόρο (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia / http://www.poros.com.gr/poseidonas/?lang=en)
7) Βεβήλωσαν τους ναούς του Απόλλωνα στο Άκτιο (http://www.academia.edu/958256/Octavian_and_the_thunderbolt_The_temple_of_apollo_palatinus_and_roman_traditions_of_temple_building) και στην Λευκάδα (https://www.britannica.com/place/Leucas-island-Greece)
8) Βεβήλωσαν τους ναούς της Ήρας στην Σάμο, το Άργος και το Λακίνιο (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capo_Colonna).
9) Μόνον μετά από τις παραπάνω βεβηλώσεις αρχαίων ελληνικών ναών από τους Έλληνες Μιθραϊστές σημειώνει ο Πλούταρχος την κυριαρχία τους και την επιβολή μιθραϊκών μυστηριακών τελετουργιών και ιερότητας στον θεσσαλικό Όλυμπο. Η περιγραφή του Πλούταρχου κάνει ένα κρεσέντο. Και δεν θα είχε νόημα να αναφέρει ένα δευτερεύον σημείο αρχαίας ελληνικής ιερότητας που βεβηλώθηκε από τους Έλληνες Μιθραϊστές, όπως ο Όλυμπος της Λυκίας. Όλοι οι ιεροί χώροι της Μικράς Ασίας, των νοτίων Βαλκανίων και της Μεγάλης Ελλάδας (νότιας Ιταλίας) εκμηδενίσθηκαν κι εκμιθραΐσθηκαν γύρω στο 70 π.Χ. Αυτή είναι η ιστορική αλήθεια.
Διάλογος: ο Πλούταρχος δεν αναφέρεται στον Όλυμπο της Λυκίας αλλά στον Θεσσαλικό Όλυμπο
———— Σχόλιο από αναγνώστη ————
Νομίζω είναι απαραίτητη μια αναγκαία διευκρίνιση: πρόκειται για τον Όλυμπο της Λυκίας (έναν από τους περίπου 20 Ολύμπους της αρχαιότητας) και όχι για τον θεσσαλικό Όλυμπο. Υπήρχε πόλη στην Λυκία που ονομαζόταν επίσης Όλυμπος. Η Λυκία και η Παμφυλία ήταν γειτονικές περιοχές με την Κιλικία, την έδρα των πειρατών. Η δε μανία των πειρατών κατά των θεών του Ολύμπου προφανώς είχε ανθελληνικά και αντιρωμαϊκά κίνητρα. Δείτε κι εδώ:
http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Religions/iranian/Mithraism/m_m/pt2.htm
——— Δική μου απάντηση —————
Τρομερό λάθος, φίλε μου! Η μόνη αναγκαία διευκρίνιση είναι ότι δεν διαβάζεις σωστά κι ότι παραπέμπεις σε πολύ λάθος βιβλιογραφία για να υποστηρίξεις κάτι που αποτελεί βίαιη, επιτηδευμένη και κακουργηματική παραποίηση της Ιστορίας.
Πρώτον, δεν διαβάζεις σωστά. Αυτό ισχύει επειδή
1) δεν διάβασες το αρχαίο ελληνικό κείμενο του Πλούταρχου που παραθέτω και που μόνο του θέτει εκτός πάσης αμφιβολίας ποιον Όλυμπο νοεί ο ιερέας του Μαντείου των Δελφών και συγγραφέας του κειμένου,
2) δεν διάβασες την σωστή (αν και αρχαιότερη) αγγλική μετάφραση που επίσης παραθέτω και η οποία δεν περιλαμβάνει το οικτρό λάθος εκείνης της κατάπτυστης και παρερμηνευτικής, οριενταλιστικής διαστροφής στην οποία κακώς παραπέμπεις, και
3) δεν διάβασες όλο μου το κείμενο για να αντιληφθείς ότι στο τέλος, όπως αλλωστε συχνά κάνω, παραθέτω μια σειρά από συνδέσμους ανάμεσα στους οποίους περιλαμβάνεται κι αυτός στον οποίο αναφέρεσαι.
Εννοείται ότι προσφέρω στους αναγνώστες μου πάντοτε πολλούς συνδέσμους με την προτροπή ‘περισσότερα’, ή ‘γενικά’, ή ‘διαβάστε’ – κι όχι ‘αποδεχθείτε στα τυφλά σαν ζωντόβολα’!
Είναι ευνόητο ότι σε πολλά από τα κείμενα στα οποία παραπέμπω υπάρχουν λάθη, ενίοτε σημαντικά, οικτρές αλλοιώσεις και παραποιήσεις, ή ακόμη και ολότελα διαστρεβλωτική αναπαράσταση της ιστορικής αλήθειας.
Αλλοίμονο αν θα περίμενα να βρω ένα ολόσωστο κείμενο για να παραπέμψω. Τότε, θα παρέπεμπα συνέχεια μόνον στις Δέκα Εντολές, στους Κατά Ιουδαίων Λόγους του Ιωάννου Χρυσοστόμου, και στον Ιωάννη της Κλίμακος….
Όταν παραθέτω ένα σύνδεσμο, θεωρώ αυτονόητο ότι εκθέτω τον παραπεμπόμενο σε πολλά λάθη από τα οποία, ακόμη κι αν αυτός είναι ανειδίκευτος (όπως άλλωστε και γω), η σωστή του κρίση θα τον προστατέψει, αν εκείνος βάλει το μυαλό του να δουλέψει. Αλλά αυτό έχει δυστυχώς εξαφανιστεί σε μεγάλο βαθμό από την Ελλάδα κι από την διεσταμμένη Δύση, η οποία τώρα βουλιάζει και σε λίγο θα εξαφανιστεί – όπως της αξίζει – στον παγκοσμίως μοναδικό βόθρο των κατά συρροήν κι εξεπίτηδες παρασκευασμένων επιστημονικών ψευδών που παρασκεύασε τους τελευταίους αιώνες.
Τώρα όποιος προσέξει τον σύνδεσμο, βλέπει κατ’ ευθείαν ότι πρόκειται για αναρτήσεις της School of Oriental and African Studies, δηλαδή ενός από τα προπύργια του δυτικού οριενταλισμού που αποτελεί πυλώνα παραποίησης της ιστορικής αλήθειας, όπως άλλωστε οι δυτικοί ελληνιστές, οι βιβλιστές, κι οι λατινιστές που συστάθηκαν νωρίτερα.
Ευτυχώς,υπήρξα τυχερός στην ζωή μου να γνωρίσω ένα εξαιρετικό ανατολιστή (οριενταλιστή) με ειδίκευση σε αρχαίες γλώσσες, θρησκείες, ιστορία και πολιτισμούς της Ανατολής, με τεράστια επιτόπια έρευνα, με ατελείωτες δημοσίευσεις, και – κυρίως – με τρομερό κριτικό πνεύμα που του επέτρεψε να διακρίνει και να ανακαλύψει σε όλο τους το εύρος, πλάτος, βάθος και ύψος τις ανακρίβειες, τις αποκρύψεις, τις παραποιήσεις και τις διαβολές (κατά ιστορικών πηγών) των καθηγητών του και άλλων οριενταλιστών κι ακόμη περισσότερο τις εγκληματικές, αποικιοκρατικές, ρατσιστικές και σατανικές προθέσεις τους – εκείνες που ήταν ο κινητήριος μοχλός των a priori ‘γνωμών’, ‘απόψεων’, δημοσιεύσεων και τερατουργημάτων τους.
Έτσι, αυτός ο φίλος και με ξύπνησε σχετικά με το απάνθρωπο, κτηνώδες, διαστρεβλωτικό και δαιμονικό περιεχόμενο των λεγομένων ‘ανθρωπιστικών επιστημών’ και μου έδωσε την σωστή μέθοδο να εξετάζω θέματα και να κρίνω αξιόπιστες ιστορικές πηγές κι αναξιόπιστη σύγχρονη βιβλιογραφία.
Αλλά όλα αυτά είναι εισαγωγικά. Στην σύντομη, πρώτη παράγραφο της απάντησής μου τόνισα επίσης ότι παραπέμπεις σε πολύ λάθος βιβλιογραφία για να υποστηρίξεις κάτι που αποτελεί βίαιη, επιτηδευμένη και κακουργηματική παραποίηση της Ιστορίας.
Σε ποιο απόσπασμα από το κείμενο στο οποίο παραπέμπει ο σύνδεσμος αναφέρομαι;
Στο εξής:
In his biography of this skilful general, Plutarch writes of the pirates: ‘They brought to Olympus in Lycia strange offerings and performed some secret mysteries, which still in the cult of Mithras, first made known by them [the pirates]’.
Στο κατάπτυστο αυτό απόσπασμα, ο παραχαράκτης της Ιστορίας κι απατεώνας συγγραφέας παρουσιάζει (στις 2 από τις 3 γραμμές του σύντομου αποσπάσματος) μια διαστρεβλωτική αγγλική μετάφραση του αρχαίου ελληνικού κειμένου.
Το αρχαίο ελληνικό κείμενο έχει στο σημείο αυτό ως εξής:
ξένας δὲ θυσίας ἔθυον αὐτοὶ τὰς ἐν Ὀλύμπῳ, καὶ τελετάς τινας ἀπορρήτους ἐτέλουν, ὧν ἡ τοῦ Μίθρου καὶ μέχρι δεῦρο διασώζεται καταδειχθεῖσα πρῶτον ὑπ’ ἐκείνων.
Και η σωστή αγγλική μετάφρασή του που παρέθεσα είναι η εξής:
They themselves offered strange sacrifices upon Mount Olympus, and performed certain secret rites or religious mysteries, among which those of Mithras have been preserved to our own time having received their previous institution from them.
Βεβαίως, όπως λες, πολλά βουνά έφεραν το όνομα του Ολύμπου, και θεωρητικά, για κάποιον άσχετο κι ανειδίκευτο, θα μπορούσε στο σημείο αυτό ο Πλούταρχος να αναφέρεται στον Όλυμπο της Λυκίας, αλλά βεβαίως δεν το κάνει.
Δεν μπορώ να σε κακίσω για το ότι δεν είσαι ιστορικός, δεν έχεις ειδικευθεί σε Ιρανολογία ή στην κατακλυσμική διάδοση ανατολικών, περσικών, αραμαϊκών, φοινικικών, καππαδοκικών κι αιγυπτιακών θρησκειών, λατρειών, κοσμογονιών, μυστικισμών, κοσμολογιών και θεουργιών στην Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία και στην Ευρώπη. Ούτε εγώ είμαι ειδικός σ’ αυτά. Ούτε ξέρω ό,τι ξέρω επειδή κάθισα δίπλα σε εξαιρετικό δάσκαλο. Αλλά μπορώ να κρίνω και ξέρω να κρίνω όταν διαβάζω.
Αλλά σε κακίζω επειδή εσύ, ενώ επίσης μπορείς να κρίνεις, δεν το κάνεις όντας τυφλωμένος από το σατανικό πάθος του ελληνοκεντρικού ψέμματος και την χολέρα του ιστορικού ψεύδους ‘ελληνισμός’ – ενός ανύπαρκτου στοιχείου στις διαστάσεις που το παρασκεύασαν και το διέδωσαν δυτικοί ιστορικοί.
Πως φαίνεται ότι δεν κρίνεις;
Πρώτον, επειδή θα έπρεπε να διαβάσεις το αρχαίο ελληνικό κείμενο του οποίου πέταξε τα μάτια έξω ο κακουργηματικός παραχαράκτης της μετάφρασης της School of Oriental and African Studies.
‘Δεν μπορείς να προσθέτεις κείμενο στην μετάφραση που κάνεις’: αυτός είναι κανόνας. Το κείμενο δεν αναφέρει ‘Όλυμπο της Λυκίας’ αλλά ‘Όλυμπο’.
Δεύτερον και κυριώτερον, θα έπρεπε να διαβάσεις πολύ περισσότερο αρχαίο ελληνικό κείμενο για να καταλάβεις από τα συμφραζόμενα – κι αυτό δεν το έκανες, ενώ μας το μάθαιναν οι δάσκαλοί μας στο εξατάξιο γυμνάσιο που τελείωσα και όπου ήμουν άριστος και σε Αρχαία Ελληνικά και σε Λατινικά, γιατί δεν είχαμε την χολεριασμένη ψευτο-επιστήμη της κοινωνιολογίας που θέλουν τα βάλουν τώρα τα σκουπίδια που οι αφιονισμένοι (και από την αρχαιολατρία) Νεοέλληνες δέχονται να τους κυβερνάνε.
Κι αυτή είναι η ουσία της απάντησής μου: από τα συμφραζόμενα συνάγεται πολύ εύκολα το συμπέρασμα ότι οΠλούταρχος δεν εννοεί τον Όλυμπο της Λυκίας αλλά τον Όλυμπο της Θεσσαλίας. Διάβασε όλο το επίμαχο σημείο και θα καταλάβεις! Έχω προσθέσει πολλές παραγράφους στο κείμενό μου αλλά αρκεί μία. Αυτή:
ἐγένοντο δ’ οὖν αἱ μὲν λῃστρίδες νῆες ὑπὲρ χιλίας, αἱ δὲ ἁλοῦσαι πόλεις ὑπ’ αὐτῶν τετρακόσιαι. τῶν δὲ ἀσύλων καὶ ἀβάτων πρότερον ἱερῶν ἐξέκοψαν ἐπιόντες τὸ Κλάριον, τὸ Διδυμαῖον, τὸ Σαμοθρᾴκιον, τὸν ἐν Ἑρμιόνῃ τῆς Χθονίας νεὼν καὶ τὸν ἐν Ἐπιδαύρῳ τοῦ Ἀσκληπιοῦ καὶ τὸν Ἰσθμοῖ καὶ Ταινάρῳ καὶ Καλαυρίᾳ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, τοῦ δὲ Ἀπόλλωνος τὸν ἐν Ἀκτίῳ καὶ Λευκάδι, τῆς δὲ Ἥρας τὸν ἐν Σάμῳ, τὸν ἐν Ἄργει, τὸν ἐπὶ Λακινίῳ. ξένας δὲ θυσίας ἔθυον αὐτοὶ τὰς ἐν Ὀλύμπῳ, καὶ τελετάς τινας ἀπορρήτους ἐτέλουν, ὧν ἡ τοῦ Μίθρου καὶ μέχρι δεῦρο διασώζεται καταδειχθεῖσα πρῶτον ὑπ’ ἐκείνων.
Και η σωστή αγγλική μετάφραση:
There were of these corsairs above one thousand sail, and they had taken no less than four hundred cities, committing sacrilege upon the temples of the gods, and enriching themselves with the spoils of many never violated before, such as were those of Claros, Didyma, and Samothrace; and the temple of the Earth in Hermione, and that of Aesculapius in Epidaurus, those of Neptune at the Isthmus, at Taenarus, and at Calauria; those of Apollo at Actium and Leucas, and those of Juno in Samos, at Argos, and at Lacinium. They themselves offered strange sacrifices upon Mount Olympus, and performed certain secret rites or religious mysteries, among which those of Mithras have been preserved to our own time having received their previous institution from them.
Επίμετρο
Ολόκληρο το κείμενο του οποίου παρέθεσα τον σύνδεσμο και στο οποίο αναφέρεται ο αναγνώστης – σχολιαστής (υπάρχουν πολλές ιστορικές ανακρίβειες και το κείμενο έχει γραφεί με στόχο την ιστορική διαστρέβλωση και την εξαπάτηση των μη ειδικευμένων):
MITHRA & MITHRAISM
The arrival of Mithras in Europe
The circumstances which brought the god at last to Europe after hundreds of years are indeed strange. According to the historian Plutarch, who lived in the first century A.D., the Romans became acquainted with Mithras through pirates from Cilicia, a province of Asia Minor. These were the pirates who constituted such a threat to Rome until Pompey drove them from the seas.
In his biography of this skilful general, Plutarch writes of the pirates: ‘They brought to Olympus in Lycia strange offerings and performed some secret mysteries, which still in the cult of Mithras, first made known by them [the pirates]’. In the middle of the second century A.D. the historian Appian adds that the pirates came to know of the mysteries from the troops who were left behind by the defeated army of Mithridates Eupator. It is well established that all kinds of Eastern races were represented in that army.
There are some well-known monuments associated with Mithras in the pirates’ homeland in the mountainous religions of Cilicia, and recently an altar was discovered in Anazarbos which had been consecrated by Marcus Aurelius as ‘Priest and Father of Zeus-Helios-Mithras’. The god was also worshipped in Tarsus, the capital of the province, as we know from coins of the Emperor Gordian III which bear a picture of the bull-slayer (Fig. 1.). One of the greatest campaigns against the Persians took place during the reign of Gordian III; the coin has propaganda value as Ernest Will has pointed out: ‘ L’hommage rendu au dieu perse adopte par Rome, au moment de la campagne contre sa patrie premiere, revet une valeur politique particuliere.’
But can this evidence from the second and third centuries A.D. be taken as a confirmation of Plutarch’s remarks about the Cilician pirates of the first century B.C.? Probably it can. The fact that representation of the bull-slayer occur on coins from Tarsus, through which Gordian III almost certainly passed on his way to battle, is evidence that Mithras was worshipped in this town in particular. Since Tarsus was situated at a road junction it is probable that its citizens became acquainted with the Mithraic cult at quite an early date. Plutarch, moreover, relates that the pirates committed outrages against the gods on Olympus where Hephaistos was worshipped. As devotees of the Eastern god they apparently felt little respect for the gods of the Greeks.
The pirates, a group of drifting adventures and, occasionally, fallen noblemen, conducted a communal worship of Mithras, whose cult was an exclusively made one. It is quite possible that these pirates introduced the Mithraic mysteries into Italy after their defeat and subsequent transportation there by Pompey. This event then offers a terminus post quem for the spread of the Mithras mysteries. Other early evidence of the first decades B.C. refers only to the reverence paid to Mithras without mentioning the mysteries; examples which may be quoted are the tomb inscriptions of King Antiochus I of Commagene at Nemrud Dagh, and of his father Mithridates at Arsameia on the Orontes. Both kings had erected on vast terraces a number of colossal statues seated on thrones to the honour of their ancestral gods. At Nemrud we find in their midst King Antiochus (69-34 B.C.) and in the inscription Mithras is mentioned together with Zeus-Ahura-Mazda, Hermes, Apollo-Helios and Herakles-Verethraghna. Thus Persian gods were invoked as protectors of the royal house. Both Mithridates and his son were represented in reliefs clasping hands with Mithras. Yearly feasts were held in honour of the deceased kings. But the inscriptions do not say anything about a secret cult of Mithras; the god simply takes his place beside the acknowledged state gods.
Though Plutarch’s information is important, it must be borne in mind that the historian wrote his life of Pompey at the end of first century A.D. and it is not until then that we actually find in Rome the characteristic representation of Mithras as bull-slayer. The poet Statius (A.D. 80) describes Mithras as one who ‘twists the unruly horns beneath the rocks of a Persian cave’. One other point worthy of note is that no Mithraic monument can be dated earlier than the end of the first century A.D., and even the extensive investigations at Pompey, buried beneath the ashes of Vesuvius in A.D. 79, have not so far produced a single image of the god. There is therefore a complete gap in our knowledge between 67 B.C. and A.D. 79. The earliest datable monument is a statue from Rome, now in the British Museum; the inscription mentions a certain Alcimus, who calls himself the servant of T. Claudius Livianus, and, if the identification of this Livianus with the commander of the Praetorian Guard under the emperor Trajan is correct, then the figure must date from the beginning of the second century A.D. From this period onwards, the trail blazed by Mithras is broad and clear; the god’s cult becomes firmly established and traces are found even on the Capitol and the Palatine, the heart of Imperial Rome.
http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Religions/iranian/Mithraism/m_m/pt2.htm
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