Nursing - Blog Posts
I want a mummy who’ll get me drooling and staring at her boobies, my hungry little mouth open and ready to suckle. As I lay down and my head is pulled into her lap I babble with excitement only for mummy to pull out a bottle and tell me I’m not ready for her boobies yet ❤️
Never thought I would feel sad when getting a pulse back after a cardiac arrest. Really makes you think about quality of life and when someone should be DNR/DNI. Praying for him and the family. 💔
Haemosiderin staining
"Haemosiderin staining" describes orange/red/brown skin hyperpigmentation caused by haemosiderin (an iron-containing pigment found in blood) leaking into the skin.
Causes:
Chronic venous insufficiency (in lower legs)
Skin inflammation
Trauma e.g. wound, fracture, surgery
Pigmented purpuric dermatoses
Haemochromatosis
Haemosiderin staining may be exacerbated by anticoagulant use as this increases extravasation (leakage) of red blood cells into the skin.
See an example here.
So proud of this! I finally got the right pigment so hey aren’t so see through. I think it looks pretty good. Going to try some other color combos later.
Me 👩⚕️ nursing all PPP’ed up 😷 middle of my shift. 🏥 Can I examine you? 🩺 💉🩻😘😘
First five years spent poor
Beaten, clawed by toxic stress.
A rough start, darling.
Blood cell
The blood cells serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding the intricacies of hematopoiesis, the process through which various blood cell types are formed and function in the human body. This detailed discussion aims to unravel the key aspects presented in the article, delving into the structure, functions, and disorders associated with;
Red blood cells (erythrocytes),
2.White blood cells (leukocytes), and
platelets (thrombocytes).
Blood Cell Types and Composition
At the core of the circulatory system lie three major types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cellular components collectively contribute to 45% of blood tissue by volume, with the remaining 55% being plasma. This delicate balance underscores the dynamic nature of blood, serving as a conduit for various vital functions within the body.
1.Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
The discussion commences with a focus on red blood cells, the primary carriers of oxygen in the bloodstream. Erythrocytes, characterized by their unique biconcave shape and lack of a nucleus, play a crucial role in gas exchange facilitated by the iron-containing protein hemoglobin. The intricate details of erythropoiesis, the process of RBC formation in the red bone marrow, offer a glimpse into the remarkable physiological mechanisms that ensure a constant supply of oxygen carriers. The staggering production rate of 2.4 million RBCs per second in adults highlights the body’s continuous demand for these essential cells. The information regarding the lifespan of RBCs (100–120 days) and their subsequent removal by the spleen adds another layer to our understanding of the life cycle of these vital cells. The absence of a nucleus in mature red blood cells, a unique characteristic among human cells, is highlighted. The pathological conditions of anemia and polycythemia are thoroughly explored, shedding light on the consequences of an imbalance in red blood cell count. Additionally, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) provides valuable insights into the diagnostic tools used in assessing the health of red blood cells.
2.White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
The immune system, our body’s defense mechanism, relies on white blood cells to combat infectious diseases and foreign materials. These leukocytes, originating from multipotent cells in the bone marrow, are categorized into granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). The discussion delves into the roles these distinct white blood cell types play in the human immune system, offering a nuanced understanding of their functions. The conditions of leukopenia and leukocytosis, indicating low and high white blood cell counts, respectively, are explored, emphasizing the diagnostic significance of monitoring these counts. The increased white blood cell count during infections and its association with hematological cancers underscore the pivotal role leukocytes play in our overall health.
3.Platelets (Thrombocytes)
The section on platelets elucidates their role in hemostasis, the process of preventing and stopping bleeding. These small, irregularly shaped cell fragments, derived from megakaryocytes, circulate in the blood and are essential for the formation of blood clots. The average lifespan of platelets, a mere 5 to 9 days, emphasizes the continuous production required for maintaining hemostatic balance. The normal range of platelet counts and the potential consequences of low or high platelet numbers provide valuable insights into the delicate equilibrium necessary for preventing excessive bleeding or the formation of thrombosis. Thrombocytopathy, a broad term encompassing disorders related to platelets, is discussed, including thrombocytopenia, thrombasthenia, and thrombocytosis. The intricate relationship between platelets and growth factors, as well as their role in wound healing, showcases the multifaceted contributions of these small but crucial cellular fragments.
Complete Blood Count (CBC): The article introduces the Complete Blood Count (CBC) as a vital diagnostic tool providing a comprehensive analysis of blood cell composition. The historical transition from manual counting to automated analyzers reflects the evolving landscape of medical technology, enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of blood cell analysis. The significance of CBC in offering an overview of a patient’s general health status is underscored, emphasizing its widespread use in medical diagnostics.
Historical Discoveries.
The historical perspective woven into the article traces the evolution of our understanding of blood cells. From Jan Swammerdam’s pioneering observation of red blood cells in 1658 to Paul Ehrlich’s techniques in staining blood films and differential blood cell counting in 1879, the narrative highlights key milestones in the establishment of hematology as a distinct field of medicine. The contributions of various scientists, including Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Alfred Donne, and Gabriel Andal, collectively shaped our current knowledge of blood cells.
Conclusion
The blood cells provides a rich tapestry of information encompassing their structure, functions, and associated disorders. It serves as a comprehensive resource for understanding the dynamic nature of blood and the pivotal roles played by red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in maintaining homeostasis within the human body. The integration of historical discoveries adds depth to the narrative, highlighting the continuous quest for knowledge that has defined the field of hematology. This article not only serves as an educational tool but also showcases the remarkable advancements in medical science and technology that have propelled our understanding of blood cells to new heights. As we unravel the mysteries of hematopoiesis, we gain valuable insights into the machinery that sustains life within our veins.
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What Is Pulmonary Embolism?
Introduction
Pulmonary embolism (PE) stands as a formidable medical concern, defined by the sudden obstruction of pulmonary arteries by blood clots or other substances. This obstruction poses a grave threat to life if not promptly addressed. In this comprehensive journey , we indulge into the technicality of PE, exploring its profound origins, clinical manifestations, predisposing factors, potential complications, and avenues for prevention.
A. Definition Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary embolism manifests when a blood clot, typically originating from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremities, migrates to the lungs, precipitating arterial blockage.
B. Significance
PE emerges as a critical condition, triggering significant impairment of pulmonary function and predisposing individuals to severe complications, including mortality, in the absence of timely intervention.
Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism
A. Common Symptoms encompass acute dyspnea, chest pain, and syncope, often manifesting abruptly and varying in intensity.
B. Additional Symptoms: Patients may also present with hemoptysis, tachycardia, dizziness, diaphoresis, pyrexia, lower limb edema, and cyanosis, reflective of diverse physiological perturbation.
Causes and Risk Factors
a. Venous Thromboembolism
Predominantly, PE ensues from embolic occlusion secondary to thrombi originating in the deep venous system of the lower extremities.
b. Diverse Etiologies
PE may arise from fat emboli, tumor emboli, or air emboli, presenting a spectrum of etiological paradigms.
C. Predisposing Factors:
Notable risk factors encompass antecedent , underlying medical conditions (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, malignancies), surgical interventions, coagulopathies, prolonged immobility, and the prothrombotic milieu associated with COVID-19 infection
Complications of Pulmonary Embolism
a). Mortality:
Untreated PE poses a grave threat to life, with mortality rates approximating one-third of cases, underscoring the exigency of timely intervention.
b). Pulmonary Hypertension
Chronic embolic burden culminates in pulmonary hypertension, engendering elevated pulmonary arterial pressures and consequent cardiac strain.
C. Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Persistent emboli precipitate vascular remodeling, culminating in a debilitating condition marked by enduring pulmonary hypertension and associated morbidities.
Prevention of Pulmonary Embolism
A. Pharmacological Prophylaxis
Anticoagulant prophylaxis stands as a cornerstone intervention in high-risk cohorts, mitigating thrombotic propensity perioperatively and during hospitalization.
B. Mechanical Modalities
Mechanical prophylaxis modalities encompass compression stockings, limb elevation, early mobilization, and pneumatic compression devices, fostering venous return and thwarting stasis-induced thrombogenesis.
C. Travel Recommendations
Travelers predisposed to thromboembolic events are counselled on hydration maintenance, periodic ambulation during prolonged periods of immobility, and the judicious utilization of compression garments to mitigate venous stasis during protracted journeys.
Conclusion
Pulmonary embolism emerges as a formidable adversary, demanding expeditious recognition and intervention to forestall catastrophic signal .A comprehensive grasp of its pathophysiological under happenings, clinical hallmarks, predisposing factors, complications, and preventive strategies is paramount for optimal management. Through concerted efforts encompassing risk mitigation and vigilant surveillance, individuals can navigate the perilous terrain of PE with greater resilience, minimizing morbidity and mortality associated with this grave condition.
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